Technology – GK Questions

DNA computing uses biochemical reactions for massive parallelism. Research stage with potential for solving complex combinatorial problems.

NM-QTA allocates ₹8000 crore for quantum computing, communication, sensing, materials research. Implemented by DST with IITs, IISc participation.

Searchable Encryption enables keyword search on ciphertext; Homomorphic Encryption enables computation on encrypted data. Both preserve privacy.

Right to Portability enables individuals to obtain and reuse their personal data across services. Promotes competition and user control.

Zero-Knowledge Proofs enable proving model properties without revealing weights. Critical for privacy-preserving model verification.

Resilience patterns: self-healing replaces failed instances, circuit breaker prevents cascading failures, retry logic handles transient errors.

PM-WANI enables public Wi-Fi hotspots via PDOs using satellite/fiber backhaul. Aims to provide affordable internet access in rural/remote areas.

Programs under Digital India promote rural startups: CSCs for service delivery, agri-tech incubators. Critical for inclusive innovation.

NIDHI-PRAYAS (DST) provides prototyping grants for deep tech startups in strategic sectors. Part of national innovation ecosystem.

Startup India offers 3-year income tax exemption, self-certification compliance, fast-track patent examination for DPIIT-recognized startups.

Technological sovereignty promotes domestic R&D, manufacturing, standards to reduce strategic dependencies. Critical for India's tech policy and security.

Yield farming/liquidity mining rewards users with tokens for providing liquidity to DEX pools. Critical DeFi incentive mechanism with impermanent loss risks.

Financial Intelligence Unit-India receives, analyzes, disseminates financial intelligence including crypto transactions. VASPs must register and report.

Neuromorphic chips use spiking neurons that fire only when needed, and event-driven computation that processes only changes. Critical for edge AI efficiency.

Protein computing uses biomolecular interactions for parallel computation. Research stage with potential for ultra-low power, massive parallelism.

Zero-Knowledge Proofs enable proving statements without revealing underlying data. Critical for privacy-preserving authentication and selective disclosure.

DP-SGD adds calibrated noise to gradients during training, providing differential privacy guarantees. Critical for privacy-preserving ML training.

Membership inference exploits model confidence scores to infer training data membership. Mitigation: differential privacy, regularization, output perturbation.

Data drift: input feature distribution changes; concept drift: relationship between features and target changes. Monitoring both enables timely model retraining.

Horizontal scaling adds more instances of stateless services to handle increased load. Contrasts with vertical scaling (upgrading instance size).