Technology – GK Questions

TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access) divides radio frequency into time slots, assigning each user a specific slot for transmission. Used in 2G GSM networks. Contrasts with FDMA (frequency division) and CDMA (code division). 4G/5G use OFDMA which combines time and frequency division with orthogonal subcarriers for higher efficiency.

Transistors operate in three regions: cutoff (OFF switch), saturation (ON switch), and active (amplifier). In digital circuits, they switch between cutoff/saturation for binary logic. In analog circuits, active region amplifies weak signals. Fundamental building block of modern electronics from microprocessors to power controllers.

Heap (specifically binary heap) efficiently implements priority queue with O(log n) insertion and extraction of highest/lowest priority element. Arrays/lists require O(n) search for priority element. Heaps maintain partial order: parent node has higher/lower priority than children. Used in scheduling, Dijkstra's algorithm, and event simulation.

Model-based imputation (MICE, Bayesian) models relationships between variables to predict missing values, accounting for uncertainty. More robust than simple methods for complex missingness patterns.

NM-ICPS funds R&D in AI, IoT, robotics, quantum technologies. Builds indigenous capabilities.

Regularization adds penalty terms to loss function or randomly drops units during training.

IaC scanners analyze Terraform/CloudFormation for misconfigurations: public storage, weak IAM.

Code LLMs enable natural language to code generation, debugging, documentation.

Instruction tuning fine-tunes LLMs on instruction datasets, improving task completion and helpfulness.

ICANN coordinates domain names, IP addresses, protocol parameters. Multi-stakeholder model.

Digital India Act aims to address platform accountability, user rights, emerging tech governance.

FAME provides demand incentives for EVs and charging infrastructure.

Post-incident review captures lessons learned: what happened, response effectiveness, root causes, improvements. Critical for continuous security program maturity.

Advanced decoding: beam search explores multiple hypotheses, nucleus sampling truncates low-probability tokens. Balance diversity and coherence.

ITU Global Cybersecurity Index assesses national cybersecurity commitment across legal, technical, organizational, capacity building, cooperation dimensions.

Red teaming conducts adversarial simulations (cyber, physical, social) to identify gaps in detection, response, resilience. Distinct from vulnerability scanning.

Programmable CBDC allows conditional transfers for specific goods/services (food, education), enhancing policy effectiveness while requiring careful privacy design.

Satish Dhawan Space Centre (SDSC-SHAR) in Andhra Pradesh is ISRO's primary launch port. Handles PSLV, GSLV, SSLV, and future human spaceflight launches.

ISRU extracts water ice, electrolyzes into hydrogen/oxygen for propellant. Critical for sustainable lunar exploration and deep space missions by reducing Earth launch mass.

Spiking neurons fire only when needed; event-driven processing handles only changes. Combined enable orders-of-magnitude better energy efficiency than GPUs for edge AI.