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Cyclic voltammetry is used to study the ________ properties of electroactive species.
- Thermal
- Optical
- Redox
- Mechanical
Answer: Redox
Cyclic voltammetry applies triangular potential waveform to electrode, measuring current response. Reveals redox potentials, reaction mechanisms, electron transfer kinetics. Key tool in electrochemistry research. [[NCERT Chemistry Class 12]]
True or False: Microplastics are plastic particles smaller than 5 mm that persist in the environment.
- True
- False
Answer: True
Microplastics (<5 mm) originate from degraded larger plastics or microbeads. Found in oceans, soil, air, and human tissues. India banned single-use plastics (2022) to address this crisis. [[CPCB, MoEFCC Reports]]
LEDs emit light when electrons recombine with holes in a semiconductor, releasing energy as:
- Heat
- Photons
- Phonons
- Plasmons
Answer: Photons
Electroluminescence in LEDs: electron-hole recombination across bandgap emits photons (light). Energy (color) determined by semiconductor bandgap (e.g., GaAsP for red). Energy-efficient lighting. [[NCERT Physics Class 12]]
In IoT, MQTT is a lightweight ________ protocol designed for low-bandwidth, high-latency networks.
- Transport
- Application
- Network
- Data link
Answer: Application
MQTT (Message Queuing Telemetry Transport) uses publish-subscribe model for efficient machine-to-machine communication. Ideal for sensor networks, smart homes, industrial IoT. [[MeitY Guidelines]]
True or False: Alzheimer's disease is characterized by the accumulation of beta-amyloid plaques and tau tangles in the brain.
- True
- False
Answer: True
Amyloid plaques (extracellular Aβ aggregates) and neurofibrillary tangles (hyperphosphorylated tau) disrupt neuronal function. Leading cause of dementia; research focuses on early detection and disease-modifying therapies. [[ICMR Reports, NCERT Biology Class 11]]
Which drug is a monoclonal antibody used in cancer immunotherapy targeting PD-1?
- Imatinib
- Pembrolizumab
- Methotrexate
- Cisplatin
Answer: Pembrolizumab
Pembrolizumab (Keytruda) blocks PD-1 checkpoint, enhancing T-cell attack on tumors. Represents paradigm shift to immunotherapy in oncology. Approved for multiple cancers. [[NCERT Biology Class 12, ICMR Reports]]
Zero Budget Natural Farming (ZBNF) emphasizes the use of ________ and microbial cultures instead of chemical inputs.
- Chemical fertilizers
- Pesticides
- Cow dung and urine
- Hybrid seeds
Answer: Cow dung and urine
ZBNF (Subhash Palekar) uses Jeevamrut (microbial culture), Bijamrita (seed treatment), Mulching, and Waaphasa (soil aeration) to enhance soil health and reduce costs. Promoted in several Indian states. [[MoA Reports]]
True or False: Ultrasonic waves have frequencies above 20 kHz and are used in medical imaging.
- True
- False
Answer: True
Ultrasound (>20 kHz) penetrates tissues; echoes create images (sonography). Also used in cleaning, NDT, pest repellents. Non-ionizing and safe for prenatal scans. [[NCERT Physics Class 11]]
Which feature of blockchain ensures that records cannot be altered retroactively?
- Decentralization
- Immutability
- Transparency
- Anonymity
Answer: Immutability
Immutability: once data is added to a block and chained via hashes, altering it requires recalculating all subsequent blocks across the network—computationally infeasible. Core to trustless systems. [[NITI Aayog Reports]]
Base editing, a derivative of CRISPR, allows direct conversion of one DNA base to another without causing ________.
- Mutations
- Double-strand breaks
- Deletions
- Insertions
Answer: Double-strand breaks
Base editors (e.g., cytosine/adenine base editors) chemically convert C→T or A→G without DSBs, reducing unintended indels. Safer for therapeutic genome editing. [[DBT Reports, NCERT Biology Class 12]]
True or False: Photosynthesis is a photochemical reaction where light energy drives the conversion of CO₂ and H₂O to glucose.
- True
- False
Answer: True
Light-dependent reactions: chlorophyll absorbs photons, excites electrons, splits water, generates ATP/NADPH. Calvin cycle uses these to fix CO₂. Foundation of life on Earth. [[NCERT Biology Class 11]]
Which Indian institution develops climate models for regional projections under the National Climate Mission?
- ISRO
- IITM Pune
- BARC
- DRDO
Answer: IITM Pune
Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology (IITM), Pune, develops Earth System Models (e.g., IITM-ESM) for monsoon prediction and climate change projections. Supports policy and adaptation planning. [[MoES Reports]]
The Higgs boson, discovered at CERN in 2012, is associated with the mechanism that gives particles ________.
- Charge
- Spin
- Mass
- Color
Answer: Mass
Higgs field interacts with particles via Higgs mechanism, endowing them with mass. Discovery confirmed Standard Model prediction. Nobel Prize in Physics 2013. [[NCERT Physics Class 12]]
True or False: A digital twin is a virtual replica of a physical object or system that updates in real-time using sensor data.
- True
- False
Answer: True
Digital twins simulate, predict, and optimize performance of assets (engines, cities, power grids). Enabled by IoT, AI, cloud computing. Emerging application in Industry 4.0 and smart infrastructure. [[NITI Aayog Reports]]
Which technique allows precise insertion of large DNA fragments into genomes?
- PCR
- CRISPR-Cas9
- Recombineering
- Gel electrophoresis
Answer: Recombineering
Recombineering uses phage proteins for homologous recombination in vivo, enabling large DNA insertions/deletions. Complements CRISPR for complex genome engineering in synthetic biology. [[DBT Reports, NCERT Biology Class 12]]
Density Functional Theory (DFT) is a quantum mechanical method used to investigate the ________ structure of many-body systems.
- Nuclear
- Electronic
- Molecular
- Atomic
Answer: Electronic
DFT calculates electronic structure (energy, orbitals) of atoms, molecules, solids using electron density instead of wavefunctions. Widely used in materials design, catalysis, drug discovery. [[NCERT Chemistry Class 12]]
True or False: Mangroves, seagrasses, and salt marshes are key blue carbon ecosystems that sequester carbon.
- True
- False
Answer: True
Blue carbon ecosystems store carbon in biomass and sediments at rates higher than terrestrial forests. Conservation supports climate mitigation and coastal protection. India has significant mangrove cover. [[MoEFCC, UNEP Reports]]
Superconductivity occurs below a critical temperature where electrical resistance becomes:
- Very high
- Moderate
- Zero
- Negative
Answer: Zero
Superconductors exhibit zero DC resistance and Meissner effect (expelling magnetic fields). Applications: MRI magnets, maglev trains, quantum computing. High-Tc superconductors operate above liquid nitrogen temps. [[NCERT Physics Class 12]]
Edge computing processes data near the ________ rather than in a centralized cloud.
- Server
- Source
- Database
- User
Answer: Source
Edge computing reduces latency and bandwidth by processing data at/near IoT devices (sensors, phones). Critical for real-time applications: autonomous vehicles, industrial automation. [[MeitY Reports]]
True or False: The human gut microbiome influences immune system development and metabolism.
- True
- False
Answer: True
Gut microbes train immune cells, produce vitamins (K, B12), ferment fiber to SCFAs. Dysbiosis linked to obesity, IBD, mental health. Probiotics/prebiotics modulate microbiome. [[ICMR Reports, NCERT Biology Class 12]]