Science – GK Questions

Conduction occurs via molecular collisions in solids (e.g., metal rod heating). Convection involves fluid movement; radiation uses electromagnetic waves. Basic thermodynamics concept. [[NCERT Physics Class 11]]

Natural selection is the mechanism of evolution where heritable traits enhancing survival/reproduction become more common over generations. Foundational concept in biology. [[NCERT Biology Class 12]]

Cellulose (in plant cell walls) is a natural polymer of glucose. Polythene, PVC, Nylon are synthetic polymers. Understanding polymer types is important for materials science. [[NCERT Chemistry Class 12]]

Harvested rainwater percolates into aquifers, replenishing groundwater tables. Critical for sustainable water management in water-stressed regions like India. [[CGWB Reports, NCERT Geography Class 11]]

In stellar cores, hydrogen nuclei fuse into helium under extreme temperature/pressure, releasing vast energy (E=mc²). Fusion differs from fission (splitting heavy nuclei). Key astrophysics concept. [[NCERT Physics Class 12]]

CRISPR-Cas9 allows precise modification of DNA sequences by cutting at targeted locations. It has applications in medicine, agriculture, and research. Emerging topic for science and tech sections. [[DBT Reports, NCERT Biology Class 12]]

Ozone (O₃) absorbs 97-99% of Sun's medium-frequency UV-B and UV-C rays, protecting life from DNA damage. Ozone depletion by CFCs is a major environmental concern. [[NCERT Chemistry Class 11, UNEP Reports]]

Phishing is social engineering (fraudulent emails) to steal credentials. Ransomware encrypts files for payment. Distinguishing cyber threats is important for digital literacy sections. [[CERT-In Guidelines, NCERT Computer Science]]

Generators work on electromagnetic induction (Faraday's Law): rotating coil in magnetic field induces current. Motors do the reverse. Crucial for power generation concepts. [[NCERT Physics Class 10]]

Nephrons filter blood, reabsorb nutrients, and produce urine. Each kidney has ~1 million nephrons. Understanding nephron structure is vital for physiology questions. [[NCERT Biology Class 11]]

Catalysts lower activation energy, speeding up reactions without being consumed. They provide alternative pathways. Enzymes are biological catalysts. Key concept in chemical kinetics. [[NCERT Chemistry Class 12]]

As per Solid Waste Management Rules 2016: Green bin = wet/biodegradable waste (food scraps); Blue = dry/recyclable; Red = domestic hazardous. Important for civic awareness questions. [[MoHUA Guidelines, NCERT Geography Class 11]]

Wavelength (λ) is the spatial period of a wave. Related to frequency (f) and speed (v) by v = fλ. Fundamental for understanding sound, light, and electromagnetic waves. [[NCERT Physics Class 11]]

Antibiotics target bacterial cell structures/processes. Viruses lack these targets and require antivirals or vaccines. Misuse of antibiotics causes resistance—a major public health issue. [[NCERT Biology Class 12, WHO Guidelines]]

Covalent bonds involve electron sharing between non-metals (e.g., H₂O, CH₄). Ionic bonds transfer electrons (e.g., NaCl). Bond type determines compound properties. Advanced concept for competitive exams. [[NCERT Chemistry Class 11]]

1 Byte = 8 bits (binary digits). This standard unit conversion is essential for understanding computer memory, data transfer rates, and digital storage concepts. [[NCERT Computer Science]]

Like poles (N-N or S-S) repel; unlike poles (N-S) attract. This fundamental law of magnetism applies to bar magnets, electromagnets, and Earth's magnetic field. [[NCERT Physics Class 10]]

Fertilization (sperm-egg fusion) happens in the ampulla region of fallopian tube. The zygote then implants in uterus. Critical for human reproduction topics. [[NCERT Biology Class 12]]

Atomic number (Z) = proton count, defining an element's identity and position in periodic table. Mass number = protons + neutrons. Foundational concept in chemistry. [[NCERT Chemistry Class 11]]

India hosts ~7-8% of global species despite having 2.4% of land area. It has four biodiversity hotspots: Himalayas, Indo-Burma, Sundaland, Western Ghats. Important for environment and geography sections. [[MoEFCC Reports, NCERT Biology Class 12]]