GK Questions

Pi bonds in C=C are weaker and more reactive than sigma bonds, allowing addition of H₂, X₂, HX, etc. Alkanes (only sigma bonds) undergo substitution. Core organic reaction mechanism. [[NCERT Chemistry Class 11]]

BOD measures oxygen required by microbes to decompose organic matter in water. High BOD indicates severe pollution. Critical parameter in water quality assessment. [[CPCB Guidelines, NCERT Biology Class 12]]

Ethylene is a gaseous plant hormone triggering ripening, senescence, and abscission. Commercially used for artificial ripening of bananas, mangoes. Important for agriculture questions. [[NCERT Biology Class 11]]

Adiabatic process: Q=0, so ΔU = -W. Temperature changes due to work done. Applies to rapid compression/expansion (e.g., diesel engine, atmospheric phenomena). [[NCERT Physics Class 11]]

CO₂ has sp hybridization with two double bonds, resulting in linear shape (180° bond angle). H₂O (bent), NH₃ (pyramidal), CH₄ (tetrahedral). VSEPR theory application. [[NCERT Chemistry Class 11]]

GSLV (Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle) uses indigenous cryogenic upper stage (CE-7.5/CE-20) for launching heavy satellites to GTO. PSLV uses solid/liquid stages. Key for space tech awareness. [[ISRO Reports]]

Test cross determines genotype of dominant phenotype: if any recessive offspring appear, the parent is heterozygous. Fundamental tool in Mendelian genetics. [[NCERT Biology Class 12]]

Control rods (cadmium/boron) absorb excess neutrons to regulate fission chain reaction. Moderators (heavy water/graphite) slow neutrons. Essential for understanding nuclear energy. [[NCERT Physics Class 12]]

Equivalence point: stoichiometric completion of reaction. End point: indicator color change (ideally matches equivalence). Distinction is critical for accurate titrations. [[NCERT Chemistry Class 11]]

Kaziranga (inscribed 1985) hosts ~70% of world's greater one-horned rhinos. It also protects tigers, elephants, and wetland biodiversity. Important for environment and geography exams. [[UNESCO, MoEFCC Reports]]

HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) attacks CD4+ T-cells, weakening the immune system. Untreated HIV infection leads to AIDS. Awareness of pathogens is crucial for health sections. [[NCERT Biology Class 12, NACO Guidelines]]

Balmer series (n=2 to higher levels) produces visible lines (Hα, Hβ, etc.). Lyman is UV, Paschen/Brackett are IR. Understanding spectral series is key for atomic structure questions. [[NCERT Physics Class 12]]

2FA combines something you know (password) with something you have (OTP/app) or something you are (biometric). This layered approach significantly reduces unauthorized access risks. [[CERT-In Guidelines, NCERT Computer Science]]

Finely divided iron with Mo promoter catalyzes N₂ + 3H₂ → 2NH₃ at high pressure/temperature. Haber process is crucial for fertilizer production. Important industrial application of transition metals. [[NCERT Chemistry Class 12]]

Bilirubin, a yellow pigment from hemoglobin breakdown, accumulates in blood due to liver dysfunction, bile duct obstruction, or excessive RBC destruction. Key diagnostic indicator in medicine. [[NCERT Biology Class 11]]

Modulation (AM/FM) enables efficient transmission of audio/video signals over long distances by shifting them to higher frequencies suitable for antenna radiation. Core concept in telecommunications. [[NCERT Physics Class 12]]

Montreal Protocol targets CFCs, halons, and other ODS to protect stratospheric ozone. It's considered one of the most successful environmental treaties. India ratified it in 1992. [[UNEP, NCERT Geography Class 11]]

Contact Process oxidizes SO₂ to SO₃ using V₂O₅ catalyst, then absorbs in H₂SO₄ to form oleum. Sulfuric acid is vital for fertilizers, batteries, and chemicals. Important industrial chemistry. [[NCERT Chemistry Class 12]]

Bryophytes (mosses, liverworts) need water for sperm to swim to egg during fertilization, though they live on land. This dual dependency earns them the 'amphibians' title. Key concept in plant evolution. [[NCERT Biology Class 11]]

Phosphorus (Group 15) has 5 valence electrons. When doped into silicon (Group 14), the extra electron becomes free for conduction, creating n-type semiconductor. Boron creates p-type. Fundamental for electronics. [[NCERT Physics Class 12]]