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Article 49 of the Constitution directs the State to protect every monument or place of national importance from spoliation, disfigurement, or destruction.
- True
- False
Answer: True
Article 49 is a cultural-educational principle directing the State to protect monuments, places, and objects of artistic or historic interest declared of national importance by Parliament. This is implemented through the Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains Act, 1958.
Which Article directs the State to organise agriculture and animal husbandry on modern and scientific lines?
- Article 46
- Article 47
- Article 48
- Article 49
Answer: Article 48
Article 48 directs the State to: (a) organise agriculture and animal husbandry on modern and scientific lines, (b) preserve and improve breeds of cattle, and (c) prohibit slaughter of cows, calves, and other milch and draught cattle. It reflects Gandhian and economic planning principles.
Article 45, as amended by the 86th Amendment Act, 2002, now directs the State to provide early childhood care and education for all children until they complete the age of ______ years.
- 3
- 5
- 6
- 14
Answer: 6
Originally, Article 45 provided for free and compulsory education for children until age 14. After the 86th Amendment (2002) inserted Article 21A (Right to Education for 6-14 years), Article 45 was modified to focus on early childhood care and education for children below 6 years.
The provision for free legal aid to ensure justice is not denied due to economic disabilities is a Directive Principle under Article 39A.
- True
- False
Answer: True
Article 39A was added by the 42nd Amendment (1976) to provide free legal aid to ensure that opportunities for securing justice are not denied to any citizen by reason of economic or other disabilities. This led to the Legal Services Authorities Act, 1987, establishing Lok Adalats and NALSA.
Which Article of the Constitution contains the Directive Principle for securing a Uniform Civil Code for citizens?
- Article 43
- Article 44
- Article 45
- Article 46
Answer: Article 44
Article 44 states: 'The State shall endeavour to secure for the citizens a uniform civil code throughout the territory of India.' It aims to replace personal laws based on religion with a common set of laws governing marriage, divorce, inheritance, etc. It remains unimplemented due to political and social sensitivities.
Article 51 of the Constitution directs the State to promote international peace and security through just and honourable relations between ______.
- citizens
- states
- nations
- political parties
Answer: nations
Article 51 (a liberal-intellectual principle) directs the State to: (a) promote international peace and security, (b) maintain just and honourable relations between nations, (c) foster respect for international law and treaty obligations, (d) encourage settlement of international disputes by arbitration.
Article 39 of the Constitution directs the State to secure equal pay for equal work for both men and women.
- True
- False
Answer: True
Article 39(d) is a socialist principle directing the State to secure 'equal pay for equal work for both men and women'. This has been reinforced by judicial decisions (Randhir Singh case, 1982) and statutory provisions like the Equal Remuneration Act, 1976.
Which of the following is NOT a Gandhian principle included in DPSP?
- Organisation of village panchayats
- Promotion of cottage industries
- Uniform civil code
- Prohibition of intoxicating drinks
Answer: Uniform civil code
Gandhian principles in DPSP include: village panchayats (Article 40), cottage industries (Article 43), prohibition of intoxicants (Article 47), and protection of cows (Article 48). Uniform Civil Code (Article 44) is a liberal-intellectual principle, not specifically Gandhian.
The concept of Directive Principles was borrowed from the Constitution of ______.
- USA
- UK
- Ireland
- Canada
Answer: Ireland
DPSP were inspired by the Irish Constitution (1937), which itself borrowed from the Spanish Constitution. The Irish concept of 'Directive Principles of Social Policy' aimed to guide the State in achieving socio-economic goals. India adapted this to its own developmental needs.
Directive Principles of State Policy are enforceable by courts like Fundamental Rights.
- True
- False
Answer: False
Article 37 explicitly states that DPSP are not enforceable by any court. However, they are 'fundamental in the governance of the country' and it is the duty of the State to apply them in making laws. Courts can use them for interpreting statutes and constitutional provisions.
Directive Principles of State Policy are contained in which Part of the Indian Constitution?
- Part III
- Part IV
- Part IVA
- Part V
Answer: Part IV
Part IV (Articles 36-51) contains Directive Principles of State Policy (DPSP). They are non-justiciable (not enforceable by courts) but fundamental in governance. The State is duty-bound to apply them while making laws, aiming to establish social and economic democracy.
Which Article of the Constitution deals with the indemnity for acts done under martial law?
- Article 32
- Article 33
- Article 34
- Article 35
Answer: Article 34
Article 34 empowers Parliament to indemnify any person (government servant or other) for acts done in connection with martial law to restore order in any area. It also validates sentences passed or acts done during martial law. This is a rare provision invoked only in extreme situations of rebellion or war.
Article 33 empowers ______ to restrict or abrogate Fundamental Rights of members of armed forces, police, and intelligence agencies.
- Supreme Court
- Parliament
- President
- Union Cabinet
Answer: Parliament
Article 33 allows Parliament to determine by law the extent to which Fundamental Rights may be restricted or abrogated for members of armed forces, paramilitary forces, police forces, and intelligence agencies to ensure proper discharge of duties and maintenance of discipline. This is a unique limitation on FRs.
During a National Emergency under Article 352, the enforcement of all Fundamental Rights can be suspended by Presidential order.
- True
- False
Answer: False
Article 359 allows suspension of enforcement of Fundamental Rights (except Articles 20 & 21) during National Emergency via Presidential order. The 44th Amendment (1978) made Articles 20 (protection in conviction) and 21 (life & personal liberty) non-suspendable even during Emergency. So, not 'all' rights can be suspended.
Which writ is issued by a higher court to a lower court or tribunal to transfer a pending case to itself or quash its order?
- Habeas Corpus
- Mandamus
- Certiorari
- Prohibition
Answer: Certiorari
Certiorari ('to be certified') is issued by a higher court to a lower court/tribunal to quash its order when it exceeds jurisdiction or violates principles of natural justice. Prohibition is preventive (issued before order), while Certiorari is curative (issued after order). Both available under Articles 32 & 226.
Dr. B.R. Ambedkar described Article ______ as the 'heart and soul' of the Indian Constitution.
- 14
- 19
- 21
- 32
Answer: 32
Article 32 gives citizens the right to move the Supreme Court for enforcement of Fundamental Rights. Dr. Ambedkar called it the 'heart and soul' because without remedies, rights are meaningless. The Supreme Court can issue five writs: Habeas Corpus, Mandamus, Prohibition, Certiorari, and Quo Warranto.
Article 30 gives minorities the right to establish and administer educational institutions of their choice, and the State cannot discriminate against them in granting aid.
- True
- False
Answer: True
Article 30(1) grants religious and linguistic minorities the right to establish and administer educational institutions of their choice. Article 30(2) prohibits the State from discriminating against such institutions in granting aid. However, these institutions must maintain educational standards and can be regulated for academic excellence (T.M.A. Pai Foundation case, 2002).
Which Article protects the interests of minorities by allowing them to conserve their distinct language, script, or culture?
- Article 28
- Article 29
- Article 30
- Article 31
Answer: Article 29
Article 29(1) protects the right of any section of citizens (not just minorities) residing in India having a distinct language, script, or culture to conserve the same. Article 29(2) prohibits denial of admission to State-funded educational institutions on grounds of religion, race, caste, language, or any of them.
Article 28 prohibits religious instruction in educational institutions wholly maintained out of ______ funds.
- private
- State
- foreign
- trust
Answer: State
Article 28 has three clauses: (1) No religious instruction in State-funded educational institutions, (2) Institutions established under endowment/trust may impart religious instruction, (3) No person attending State-recognized or State-aided institutions shall be required to attend religious instruction without consent (if minor, guardian's consent).
Article 27 prohibits the State from compelling any person to pay taxes for promotion of any particular religion.
- True
- False
Answer: True
Article 27 states: 'No person shall be compelled to pay any taxes, the proceeds of which are specifically appropriated in payment of expenses for the promotion or maintenance of any particular religion or religious denomination.' However, fees for religious services or voluntary contributions are not prohibited.