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Under Article 123, the President can promulgate ordinances when both Houses of Parliament are not in session, but such ordinances must be approved by Parliament within ______ weeks of its reassembly.
- 4
- 6
- 8
- 10
Answer: 6
Article 123: Presidential ordinances have same force as Acts of Parliament but must be laid before both Houses. They cease to operate at expiration of 6 weeks from reassembly of Parliament, or earlier if both Houses pass resolutions disapproving them. This balances executive urgency with legislative oversight.
The President can return a Money Bill for reconsideration by Parliament.
- True
- False
Answer: False
Article 111: President can return ordinary bills for reconsideration, but Money Bills (Article 110) cannot be returned. President must either give assent or withhold assent to Money Bills. This ensures financial legislation proceeds without executive delay, respecting Lok Sabha's financial supremacy.
Which of the following appointments is NOT made by the President of India?
- Prime Minister
- Chief Justice of India
- Chief Election Commissioner
- Speaker of Lok Sabha
Answer: Speaker of Lok Sabha
Speaker of Lok Sabha is elected by members of Lok Sabha from amongst themselves (Article 93). President appoints PM (Article 75), CJI (Article 124), CEC (Article 324), Governors, Judges, etc. Understanding appointment authorities is crucial for Polity questions.
The President of India holds office for a term of ______ years from the date on which they enter upon their office.
- 4
- 5
- 6
- 7
Answer: 5
Article 56: President's term is 5 years. They can resign by writing to Vice President, or be removed by impeachment for 'violation of the Constitution' under Article 61. Impeachment requires 2/3 majority of total membership of Parliament after charges are framed by either House.
A person must be at least 35 years old to be eligible for election as President of India.
- True
- False
Answer: True
Article 58 specifies qualifications for President: (a) citizen of India, (b) completed 35 years of age, (c) qualified for election as Lok Sabha member, (d) not holding any office of profit. These ensure maturity and constitutional eligibility for the highest executive office.
The President of India is elected by an Electoral College consisting of elected members of which bodies?
- Lok Sabha only
- Rajya Sabha only
- Both Houses of Parliament only
- Both Houses of Parliament and State Legislative Assemblies
Answer: Both Houses of Parliament and State Legislative Assemblies
Article 54: President is elected by an Electoral College comprising elected members of Lok Sabha, Rajya Sabha, and State Legislative Assemblies. Nominated members of Parliament and State Legislatures, and members of Legislative Councils do not participate. The election follows proportional representation by single transferable vote.
In which case did the Supreme Court hold that Directive Principles and Fundamental Rights are complementary and supplementary to each other?
- Champakam Dorairajan case (1951)
- Kesavananda Bharati case (1973)
- Minerva Mills case (1980)
- Indira Sawhney case (1992)
Answer: Minerva Mills case (1980)
In Minerva Mills Ltd. v. Union of India (1980), the Supreme Court held that the Indian Constitution is founded on the bedrock of balance between Fundamental Rights (Part III) and Directive Principles (Part IV). Neither has primacy; they are complementary and supplementary, together forming the core of constitutional philosophy.
Article 36 defines 'State' for Part IV (DPSP) in the same manner as defined in Article ______ for Fundamental Rights.
- 10
- 11
- 12
- 13
Answer: 12
Article 36 states that definitions in Part III (Fundamental Rights) apply to Part IV (DPSP) unless context otherwise requires. Thus, 'State' under Article 12 (including government, legislature, local authorities, etc.) applies to DPSP enforcement, though DPSP themselves are non-justiciable.
The provisions for Panchayats and Municipalities were added to Directive Principles by the 73rd and 74th Constitutional Amendment Acts.
- True
- False
Answer: False
Article 40 (organisation of village panchayats) existed in original DPSP. The 73rd (1992) and 74th (1992) Amendments added Parts IX and IXA to the Constitution, giving constitutional status to Panchayats and Municipalities with justiciable provisions, not merely Directive Principles. So, they are enforceable now.
Which Article directs the State to minimise inequalities in income, status, facilities, and opportunities among individuals and groups?
- Article 38
- Article 39
- Article 40
- Article 41
Answer: Article 38
Article 38(2), added by the 44th Amendment (1978), directs the State to minimise inequalities in income, status, facilities, and opportunities not only among individuals but also among groups of people residing in different areas or engaged in different vocations. It strengthens the egalitarian vision of the Constitution.
Article 43 directs the State to secure to all workers a living wage, conditions of work ensuring a decent standard of life, and full enjoyment of leisure and social and ______ opportunities.
- political
- cultural
- economic
- educational
Answer: cultural
Article 43 directs the State to secure: (a) living wage, (b) decent standard of life, (c) leisure, and (d) social and cultural opportunities for workers. This aims at holistic development of labour force beyond mere economic sustenance, reflecting the welfare state ideal.
Article 41 directs the State to secure the right to work, education, and public assistance in cases of unemployment, old age, sickness, and disablement.
- True
- False
Answer: True
Article 41 is a socialist principle directing the State to secure, within economic capacity, the right to work, education, and public assistance in cases of unemployment, old age, sickness, and disablement. While not justiciable, it has inspired MGNREGA, pension schemes, and disability welfare programs.
Which Article directs the State to secure just and humane conditions of work and maternity relief?
- Article 41
- Article 42
- Article 43
- Article 44
Answer: Article 42
Article 42 directs the State to make provision for securing just and humane conditions of work and for maternity relief. This has led to legislation like the Maternity Benefit Act, 1961 (amended 2017), Factories Act, and various labour welfare laws ensuring worker protections.
Article 46 directs the State to promote with special care the educational and economic interests of the weaker sections, particularly the ______ and Scheduled Tribes.
- Other Backward Classes
- Scheduled Castes
- Minorities
- Women
Answer: Scheduled Castes
Article 46 is a socialist-Gandhian principle directing the State to promote educational and economic interests of weaker sections, especially SCs and STs, and protect them from social injustice and exploitation. This underpins reservation policies and welfare schemes for marginalized communities.
In case of conflict between Fundamental Rights and Directive Principles, Fundamental Rights always prevail as per the original Constitution.
- True
- False
Answer: False
Originally, in State of Madras v. Champakam Dorairajan (1951), SC held FRs prevail over DPSP. However, the 25th Amendment (1971) inserted Article 31C giving precedence to DPSP under Articles 39(b) & (c) over Articles 14, 19 & 31. The 42nd Amendment expanded this, but Minerva Mills (1980) struck down the expansion, restoring balance. So, it's not absolute.
Which Article was added by the 42nd Amendment Act, 1976 to direct the State to protect and improve the environment?
- Article 48A
- Article 49A
- Article 50A
- Article 51A
Answer: Article 48A
Article 48A was inserted by the 42nd Amendment (1976) directing the State to protect and improve the environment and to safeguard forests and wildlife. This, along with Article 51A(g) (Fundamental Duty), forms the constitutional basis for environmental jurisprudence in India.
Article 47 raises the level of nutrition and standard of living and improves public health, and also directs the State to bring about prohibition of intoxicating drinks and drugs except for ______ purposes.
- recreational
- medicinal
- industrial
- export
Answer: medicinal
Article 47 is a Gandhian principle directing the State to: (a) raise nutrition levels, (b) improve standard of living, (c) improve public health, and (d) prohibit intoxicating drinks and drugs injurious to health, except for medicinal purposes. Several states have implemented prohibition policies based on this.
Article 43B, added by the 97th Constitutional Amendment Act, 2011, directs the State to promote voluntary formation, autonomous functioning, and professional management of co-operative societies.
- True
- False
Answer: True
Article 43B was inserted by the 97th Amendment (2011) to strengthen the co-operative movement. However, the Supreme Court in 2021 struck down parts of this amendment relating to State co-operative societies, upholding it only for Union Territories and multi-State co-operative societies.
Which Article directs the State to secure participation of workers in management of industries?
- Article 43
- Article 43A
- Article 43B
- Article 44
Answer: Article 43A
Article 43A was inserted by the 42nd Amendment (1976) to secure participation of workers in management of industries, undertakings, or other organisations. This aims at industrial democracy and has been partially implemented through provisions in the Companies Act and labour laws.
Article 50 of the Constitution directs the State to take steps to separate the ______ from the executive in public services.
- legislature
- judiciary
- police
- revenue department
Answer: judiciary
Article 50 directs separation of judiciary from executive to ensure independence of judiciary and fair administration of justice. This has been largely implemented through judicial reforms, though complete separation remains a work in progress in some states.