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Which cryptographic primitive enables confidential transactions in privacy-focused cryptocurrencies?
- Ring Signatures
- Bulletproofs
- Confidential Transactions
- All of these
Answer: All of these
Privacy techniques: Ring signatures obscure sender; Bulletproofs provide efficient range proofs; Confidential Transactions hide amounts using Pedersen commitments. Balance privacy with regulatory compliance.
The CBDC feature that allows transactions without internet connectivity is called ________ Mode.
Answer: Offline
Offline CBDC uses secure hardware (SE, TEE) to enable limited transactions without network. Critical for rural inclusion, disaster resilience, and areas with poor connectivity. Requires careful security design.
Which Indian authority monitors suspicious cryptocurrency transactions for money laundering?
- RBI
- SEBI
- FIU-IND
- CERT-In
Answer: FIU-IND
Financial Intelligence Unit-India (FIU-IND) receives, analyzes, and disseminates financial intelligence including crypto transactions. VASPs must register and report suspicious activities under PMLA.
Retail CBDC (e₹-R) transactions can be conducted via QR codes and mobile wallets.
- True
- False
Answer: True
e₹-R pilot supports P2P and P2M transactions via QR codes, mobile apps, and offline mode. Integrates with existing payment infrastructure for seamless user experience. Critical for digital payment evolution.
Which technology enables precision agriculture to reduce fertilizer use and emissions?
- IoT Sensors
- Satellite Imagery
- AI Analytics
- All of these
Answer: All of these
Precision agriculture combines IoT soil sensors, satellite/drone imagery, and AI analytics to optimize input application. Reduces fertilizer overuse (N2O emissions) while maintaining yields. Critical for sustainable farming.
The practice of consolidating multiple servers into fewer physical machines using virtualization is called Server ________.
Answer: Consolidation
Server consolidation via virtualization reduces hardware, power, cooling requirements. Improves utilization from 10-15% to 60-80%. Critical for data center efficiency and cost reduction.
Which mechanism allows developing countries to earn carbon credits for emission reduction projects?
- Clean Development Mechanism
- Joint Implementation
- Emissions Trading
- All of these
Answer: Clean Development Mechanism
CDM (Kyoto Protocol) enabled developed countries to invest in emission reduction projects in developing nations, earning Certified Emission Reductions (CERs). Evolving under Paris Agreement Article 6.
Carbon removal technologies like DAC and BECCS are essential for achieving net-zero emissions.
- True
- False
Answer: True
Net-zero requires balancing residual emissions with carbon removal: DAC (direct air capture), BECCS (bioenergy with CCS), enhanced weathering. Critical for hard-to-abate sectors and historical emissions.
Which international initiative promotes peaceful lunar exploration and resource utilization?
- Artemis Accords
- Moon Treaty
- Outer Space Treaty
- All of these
Answer: All of these
Artemis Accords (2020) establish principles for lunar cooperation; Outer Space Treaty (1967) provides foundational law; Moon Agreement (1979) addresses resources (limited ratification). India signed Artemis Accords.
The phenomenon where satellite signals are weakened by rain is called ________ Attenuation.
Answer: Rain
Rain attenuation affects Ka/Ku-band satellite signals, requiring adaptive coding, power control, and ground station diversity for reliable service. Critical for satellite network design and QoS planning.
Which ISRO technology demonstrator tested autonomous landing of a reusable launch vehicle?
- RLV-TD HEX01
- RLV LEX
- AVM
- Both A and B
Answer: Both A and B
RLV-TD program includes HEX01 (hypersonic flight, 2016) and LEX (Landing Experiment, 2023) demonstrating autonomous landing of winged body. Critical for cost-effective access to space.
Lattice-based cryptography is considered resistant to both classical and quantum attacks.
- True
- False
Answer: True
Lattice-based schemes (CRYSTALS-Kyber, Dilithium) rely on hardness of lattice problems believed resistant to quantum algorithms. Selected by NIST for PQC standardization. Critical for future-proofing cryptographic systems.
Which quantum application enables secure communication by detecting eavesdropping attempts?
- Quantum Computing
- Quantum Key Distribution
- Quantum Sensing
- Quantum Simulation
Answer: Quantum Key Distribution
QKD uses quantum properties (no-cloning, measurement disturbance) to detect interception during key exchange. Provides information-theoretic security for encryption keys. Deployed in limited networks globally.
The document that summarizes an AI system's capabilities, limitations, and ethical considerations is called a ________ Card.
Answer: Model
Model Cards provide standardized documentation: intended use, training data characteristics, performance metrics across groups, ethical considerations. Enable informed deployment decisions and accountability.
Which practice ensures AI training data represents diverse populations to avoid bias?
- Data Augmentation
- Representative Sampling
- Bias Auditing
- All of these
Answer: All of these
Fair AI requires: representative datasets covering demographics, augmentation to address underrepresentation, and continuous bias auditing. Critical for equitable AI in hiring, lending, healthcare.
Explainable AI (XAI) techniques help non-technical users understand model predictions.
- True
- False
Answer: True
XAI methods (LIME, SHAP, attention visualization) provide interpretable explanations for AI decisions. Critical for trust, debugging, regulatory compliance, and user acceptance in high-stakes applications.
Which Indian law provides legal recognition to electronic records and digital signatures?
- DPDP Act 2023
- IT Act 2000
- Cyber Security Strategy
- Data Governance Policy
Answer: IT Act 2000
Information Technology Act 2000 (amended 2008) provides legal framework for e-commerce, electronic records, digital signatures, and cybercrime penalties. Foundation for digital transaction legality in India.
The consensus mechanism used by Ethereum after The Merge is called Proof of ________.
Answer: Stake / PoS
Ethereum transitioned from Proof of Work to Proof of Stake (The Merge, 2022), reducing energy consumption by ~99.95%. Validators stake ETH to propose/attest blocks. Critical for understanding crypto sustainability.
Which CBDC feature enables programmable subsidies with usage restrictions?
- Smart Contracts
- Time-Locked Tokens
- Geofenced Spending
- All of these
Answer: All of these
Programmable CBDC enables conditional payments: subsidies usable only for specific goods/services, time-bound benefits, location-restricted spending. Balances policy objectives with user autonomy and privacy.
India's crypto tax framework allows loss offsetting against other capital gains.
- True
- False
Answer: False
Section 115BBH taxes crypto income at 30% with no provision for loss offsetting against other income or capital gains. 1% TDS applies on transactions. Critical for crypto tax compliance planning.