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Wi-Fi and Internet are the same thing.
- True
- False
Answer: False
Wi-Fi is a wireless technology that allows devices to connect to a local network without cables. Internet is the global network of networks. Wi-Fi provides local wireless access; you still need an ISP connection to access the internet via Wi-Fi.
In cloud computing, 'SaaS' stands for Storage as a Service.
- True
- False
Answer: False
SaaS stands for Software as a Service, where applications are hosted by a provider and made available to customers over the internet (e.g., Google Workspace, Microsoft 365). Storage as a Service is a different cloud model, while IaaS and PaaS are other main categories.
Which ISRO mission was India's first interplanetary mission to Mars?
- Chandrayaan-1
- Mangalyaan
- Aditya-L1
- GSAT-6A
Answer: Mangalyaan
Mangalyaan (Mars Orbiter Mission), launched in 2013, made India the first Asian nation and fourth space agency globally to reach Mars orbit. It was completed at a cost of just $74 million, making it one of the least expensive Mars missions.
A type of malware that encrypts victim's files and demands payment for decryption key is called ________.
Answer: Ransomware
Ransomware is malicious software that encrypts files on victim's device and demands ransom (usually in cryptocurrency) for the decryption key. Prevention includes regular backups, updated antivirus, and avoiding suspicious email attachments.
5G technology operates only on high-frequency mmWave spectrum above 24 GHz.
- True
- False
Answer: False
5G operates across three spectrum bands: low-band (<1 GHz) for wide coverage, mid-band (1-6 GHz) for balanced speed/coverage, and high-band/mmWave (24-100 GHz) for ultra-high speeds in dense areas. India primarily uses mid-band for 5G rollout.
Which of the following is a symmetric encryption algorithm?
- RSA
- AES
- ECC
- Diffie-Hellman
Answer: AES
AES (Advanced Encryption Standard) is a symmetric algorithm using the same key for encryption and decryption. RSA, ECC, and Diffie-Hellman are asymmetric algorithms using public-private key pairs. AES is widely used for securing sensitive data.
Which protocol is used to convert domain names like 'google.com' into IP addresses?
- HTTP
- FTP
- DNS
- SMTP
Answer: DNS
DNS (Domain Name System) translates human-readable domain names into numerical IP addresses that computers use to identify each other on the network. Without DNS, users would need to remember IP addresses like 142.250.189.206.
UPI transactions can only be performed during banking hours (9 AM to 5 PM).
- True
- False
Answer: False
UPI (Unified Payments Interface) operates 24x7x365, including weekends and bank holidays. This round-the-clock availability is one of its key advantages over traditional NEFT/RTGS systems which have time restrictions.
The full form of 'OTP' commonly used in two-factor authentication is ________.
Answer: One Time Password
OTP stands for One Time Password - a automatically generated numeric or alphanumeric string that authenticates a user for a single transaction or login session, enhancing security beyond static passwords.
UMANG app allows citizens to access only central government services and not state government services.
- True
- False
Answer: False
UMANG (Unified Mobile Application for New-age Governance) provides access to over 1,200+ services from both central AND state governments, including utilities, education, health, and travel services across India.
Article 49's monument protection directive aligns with educational goals: incorporating cultural heritage in school curricula, promoting heritage tourism, and fostering ______ pride in India's diverse cultural legacy, reflecting that cultural preservation supports national identity, inclusive development.
- regional
- national
- religious
- caste-based
Answer: national
Article 49 cultural heritage and education: (a) Article 49 text: State shall protect every monument or place or object of artistic or historic interest, declared by or under law made by Parliament to be of national importance, from spoliation, defacement, damage, destruction, or disposal, (b) Educational integration: (i) School curricula: Incorporating local, national heritage in history, social studies fosters cultural awareness, critical thinking, (ii) Heritage education: Field visits, museum programs, digital resources enable experiential learning about cultural heritage, (iii) Teacher training: Equipping educators with heritage knowledge, pedagogical skills enhances cultural education quality, (c) National pride dimensions: (i) Inclusive identity: Celebrating diverse cultural heritage (Indus Valley, Mughal, colonial, tribal) fosters shared national identity, not narrow nationalism, (ii) Critical appreciation: Education encourages critical engagement with heritage — appreciating achievements, acknowledging injustices, learning from history, (iii) Global citizenship: Understanding India's cultural contributions to world heritage fosters global citizenship, intercultural dialogue, (d) Applications: (i) Heritage tourism: Educational tours, interpretive centers enhance learning, generate revenue for conservation, local development, (ii) Digital heritage: Virtual tours, online archives enable access to heritage for remote, marginalized communities, (iii) Community engagement: Local communities as heritage custodians; education empowers them to preserve, share cultural knowledge, (e) Challenges: (i) Curriculum balance: Integrating heritage education without overcrowding curriculum requires careful planning, interdisciplinary approaches, (ii) Resource constraints: Heritage education requires trained teachers, materials, infrastructure; require investment, capacity building, (iii) Sensitive history: Teaching contested heritage (colonialism, communalism) requires nuanced, inclusive pedagogy, (f) Illustrates transformative cultural policy: Article 49 operationalized through heritage education; balance between preservation, education, inclusive identity essential for realizing constitutional vision of culturally rich, nationally cohesive, globally engaged society.
Article 47 directs the State to endeavor to bring about prohibition of consumption of intoxicating drinks and drugs injurious to health, reflecting commitment to public health, but implementation varies across States based on local contexts, cultural practices, and ______ considerations.
- economic
- military
- foreign
- theocratic
Answer: economic
Article 47 prohibition and public health: (a) Article 47 text: State shall endeavor to bring about prohibition of consumption of intoxicating drinks and drugs injurious to health, (b) Public health rationale: (i) Health impacts: Alcohol, drug abuse linked to liver disease, accidents, domestic violence, mental health issues; prohibition aims to reduce harm, (ii) Social costs: Substance abuse imposes costs on families, communities, healthcare system; prevention reduces social burden, (iii) Productivity: Reducing substance abuse enhances workforce productivity, economic development, (c) Implementation variations: (i) State subject: Prohibition policy varies across States (e.g., Gujarat, Bihar have prohibition; others regulate), reflecting federal flexibility, (ii) Cultural practices: Local attitudes towards alcohol, traditional beverages influence policy design, enforcement, (iii) Economic considerations: Revenue from alcohol taxes, livelihood impacts on producers, vendors require balanced, evidence-based approach, (d) Applications: (i) Regulatory approach: Many States regulate rather than prohibit: licensing, age limits, advertising restrictions balance public health with economic realities, (ii) De-addiction services: Rehabilitation centers, counseling services address substance abuse as health issue, not just moral failing, (iii) Awareness campaigns: Public education on health risks, responsible consumption complements regulatory measures, (e) Challenges: (i) Enforcement: Prohibition difficult to enforce; illicit liquor risks, corruption require strong governance, community engagement, (ii) Livelihood impacts: Prohibition affects farmers, vendors, hospitality sector; require alternative livelihood support, transition planning, (iii) Evidence-based policy: Evaluating prohibition effectiveness requires rigorous research, data on health, economic, social outcomes, (f) Illustrates calibrated public health policy: Article 47 operationalized through varied approaches; balance between public health goals, economic realities, cultural sensitivity essential for realizing constitutional vision of healthy, dignified life for all.
Article 43's directive to secure decent standard of life for workers aligns with skill development initiatives like Skill India, which aim to enhance employability, dignity of labor, and economic ______ through training, certification, placement support.
- dependency
- empowerment
- isolation
- subordination
Answer: empowerment
Article 43 dignity of labor and skill development: (a) Article 43 text: State shall endeavor to secure for all workers work, living wage, conditions ensuring decent standard of life, full enjoyment of leisure, social, cultural opportunities, (b) Dignity of labor rationale: (i) Economic empowerment: Skills enhance employability, income potential, economic independence, (ii) Social dignity: Recognizing value of all work, reducing stigma associated with certain occupations, (iii) Cultural participation: Decent work enables workers to enjoy leisure, cultural activities; essential for holistic development, (c) Skill India operationalization: (i) Training programs: Sector-specific skill development courses enhance employability in formal, informal sectors, (ii) Certification: National Skill Qualification Framework (NSQF) standardizes skills, enhances portability, recognition, (iii) Placement support: Job fairs, industry linkages, entrepreneurship support enable transition from training to employment, (d) Applications: (i) Youth employment: Skill development addresses youth unemployment, underemployment; aligns with Article 41 (right to work), (ii) Women's empowerment: Targeted skill programs for women enhance economic participation, social status, (iii) Marginalized groups: SC/ST, disabled persons benefit from inclusive skill development; advances Article 46 (weaker sections welfare), (e) Challenges: (i) Quality assurance: Ensuring training quality, industry relevance requires robust standards, monitoring, (ii) Access: Reaching rural, remote, marginalized communities with skill programs requires targeted outreach, flexible delivery, (iii) Convergence: Coordination with education, employment, welfare schemes enables holistic livelihood support, (f) Illustrates transformative labor policy: Article 43 operationalized through skill development; balance between training quality, access, placement essential for realizing constitutional vision of decent work, dignity for all workers.
Article 41 directs the State to make provision for public assistance in cases of unemployment, old age, sickness, disablement, and undeserved want, and schemes like National Social Assistance Programme (NSAP) operationalize this by providing pensions, assistance to ______, widows, disabled persons.
- youth
- elderly
- students
- entrepreneurs
Answer: elderly
Article 41 public assistance and social security: (a) Article 41 text: State shall, within limits of economic capacity and development, make effective provision for securing right to work, education, and public assistance in cases of unemployment, old age, sickness, disablement, undeserved want, (b) NSAP operationalization: (i) Old age pension: Indira Gandhi National Old Age Pension Scheme (IGNOAPS) provides monthly pension to elderly below poverty line, (ii) Widow assistance: Indira Gandhi National Widow Pension Scheme (IGNWPS) supports widows facing economic hardship, (iii) Disability pension: Indira Gandhi National Disability Pension Scheme (IGNDPS) assists persons with severe disabilities, (c) Social security dimensions: (i) Income support: Pensions provide basic income security, reduce poverty among vulnerable groups, (ii) Dignity: Social assistance enables elderly, widows, disabled persons to live with dignity, autonomy, (iii) Inclusion: Targeting marginalized groups advances substantive equality, social justice, (d) Applications: (i) Direct benefit transfer: DBT ensures timely, leak-proof pension delivery to beneficiaries, (ii) Convergence: Linking NSAP with other schemes (NFSA, PMAY) enables holistic support for vulnerable households, (iii) State supplements: Many States enhance central pensions, reflecting federal commitment to social security, (e) Challenges: (i) Coverage: Identifying, reaching eligible beneficiaries (especially informal sector, migrants) requires targeted outreach, flexible delivery, (ii) Adequacy: Pension amounts often insufficient for decent living; require periodic revision, inflation indexing, (iii) Awareness: Many eligible persons unaware of entitlements; require legal literacy campaigns, simplified application processes, (f) Illustrates transformative social policy: Article 41 operationalized through NSAP; balance between legal entitlement, fiscal capacity, effective delivery essential for realizing constitutional vision of social security, dignity for vulnerable groups.
Article 38 directs the State to secure a social order for the promotion of welfare of the people, based on justice — social, economic, and ______ — reflecting the Constitution's commitment to comprehensive equality and inclusive development.
- cultural
- political
- religious
- administrative
Answer: political
Article 38 tripartite justice: (a) Social justice: Removal of inequalities based on caste, creed, gender, religion; affirmative action for marginalized groups, (b) Economic justice: Reduction of wealth disparities, equitable distribution of resources, right to livelihood, (c) Political justice: Equal political rights, universal adult suffrage, free and fair elections, participation in governance, (d) Interconnection: (i) Social justice enables economic participation by removing discrimination, (ii) Economic justice enables political participation by reducing poverty-induced exclusion, (iii) Political justice enables social/economic justice through democratic accountability, (e) Applications: (i) Reservation policies: Advance social justice for SC/ST/OBC, (ii) MGNREGA, NFSA: Advance economic justice through employment, food security, (iii) Electoral reforms: Advance political justice through transparency, accountability, (f) Illustrates comprehensive equality: Article 38's justice concept not limited to formal equality but includes substantive measures to remove structural inequalities; foundation for transformative constitutionalism.
Article 49 directs the State to protect monuments of national importance, and sustainable tourism policies balance conservation with public access, ensuring cultural heritage is preserved while enabling ______ benefits through responsible tourism, education, community engagement.
- economic
- military
- religious
- political
Answer: economic
Article 49 cultural heritage and sustainable tourism: (a) Article 49 text: State shall protect every monument or place or object of artistic or historic interest, declared by or under law made by Parliament to be of national importance, from spoliation, defacement, damage, destruction, or disposal, (b) Sustainable tourism balance: (i) Conservation priority: Protecting monuments from damage, degradation is primary goal; tourism activities must not compromise preservation, (ii) Public access: Enabling responsible public access fosters appreciation, education, cultural pride; aligns with Article 49's preservation goal, (iii) Economic benefits: Tourism generates revenue, jobs, local development; when managed sustainably, can fund conservation, community welfare, (c) Operationalization: (i) ASI management: Archaeological Survey of India conserves monuments, regulates visitor access, provides interpretive services, (ii) Community involvement: Local communities participate in conservation, tourism management; ensures benefits shared, cultural sensitivity respected, (iii) Digital innovation: Virtual tours, 3D documentation enable access while reducing physical impact on fragile sites, (d) Applications: (i) Heritage circuits: Thematic tourism circuits (Buddhist, Mughal, colonial) promote cultural understanding, economic development, (ii) Skill development: Training local guides, artisans enhances tourism quality, preserves traditional crafts, (iii) Climate resilience: Adapting conservation practices to climate impacts (extreme weather, pollution) ensures long-term preservation, (e) Challenges: (i) Overtourism: Excessive visitors can damage monuments; require visitor management, carrying capacity limits, (ii) Commercialization: Balancing economic benefits with cultural integrity requires careful regulation, community consent, (iii) Resource constraints: ASI needs adequate funding, expertise for conservation of thousands of protected sites, (f) Illustrates balanced cultural policy: Article 49 operationalized through conservation, sustainable tourism; balance between preservation, access, economic benefit essential for realizing constitutional vision of protecting national cultural heritage while enabling inclusive development.
Article 47 directs the State to raise level of nutrition and improve public health, and the National Food Security Act, 2013 operationalizes this by providing subsidized food grains to ______% of rural population and 50% of urban population through PDS, ICDS, mid-day meals.
- 50
- 75
- 90
- 100
Answer: 75
Article 47 nutrition, public health, and NFSA: (a) Article 47 text: State shall regard raising level of nutrition, standard of living of people, improvement of public health as among its primary duties; endeavor to bring about prohibition of intoxicating drinks, drugs injurious to health, (b) NFSA operationalization: (i) Coverage: Provides subsidized food grains to 75% of rural population, 50% of urban population through Targeted PDS, (ii) Entitlements: 5 kg per person per month at subsidized prices (₹3/2/1 per kg for rice/wheat/coarse grains), (iii) Special provisions: ICDS for children 0-6, pregnant women, lactating mothers; mid-day meals in schools; maternity benefits (₹6,000), (c) Nutrition and public health dimensions: (i) Food security: Ensures access to adequate, nutritious food; addresses hunger, malnutrition, (ii) Health outcomes: Improved nutrition enhances child development, maternal health, disease resistance; reduces infant, maternal mortality, (iii) Social justice: Prioritizes vulnerable groups (SC/ST, women, children) to address historical disadvantage, (d) Applications: (i) PDS reforms: Aadhaar seeding, e-PoS, online grievance redressal enhance transparency, efficiency in food distribution, (ii) Convergence: Coordination with MGNREGA, PMAY, health schemes enables holistic approach to poverty alleviation, human development, (iii) Pandemic response: NFSA provided critical safety net during COVID-19; free food grains for all PDS beneficiaries expanded coverage, (e) Challenges: (i) Leakage: Pilferage, corruption in PDS require technological solutions, social audit, accountability mechanisms, (ii) Nutritional quality: Ensuring diverse, nutritious food through PDS, ICDS requires supply chain improvements, behavior change, (iii) Inclusion: Identifying, reaching eligible beneficiaries (migrants, homeless, disabled) requires targeted outreach, flexible delivery, (f) Illustrates transformative welfare: Article 47 operationalized through NFSA; balance between legal entitlement, effective delivery, nutritional quality essential for realizing constitutional vision of healthy, dignified life for all.
Article 46 directs the State to promote educational and economic interests of SC/ST and protect them from exploitation, and this directive has guided affirmative action policies like reservation in education, employment, and protective legislation like SC/ST (Prevention of Atrocities) Act.
- True
- False
Answer: True
Article 46 SC/ST welfare and affirmative action: (a) Article 46 text: State shall promote with special care educational and economic interests of SC, ST, and other weaker sections, and protect them from social injustice, all forms of exploitation, (b) Educational interests operationalization: (i) Reservation in education: Articles 15(4), 15(5) enable affirmative action for SC/ST/OBC in educational institutions, (ii) Scholarship schemes: Pre-matric, post-matric scholarships support SC/ST students' educational participation, (iii) Hostels, coaching: Residential facilities, coaching classes address barriers to educational access, (c) Economic interests operationalization: (i) Reservation in employment: Articles 16(4), 16(4A) enable affirmative action in public employment, (ii) Entrepreneurship support: Stand-Up India, Venture Capital Fund for SC/ST promote entrepreneurship, (iii) Land rights: Forest Rights Act, 2006 recognizes tribal rights over land, resources, addressing historical dispossession, (d) Protection from exploitation: (i) SC/ST (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989: Criminalizes caste-based violence, discrimination; special courts, provisions for victim protection, (ii) Monitoring mechanisms: National Commission for SC, ST monitor implementation of safeguards, recommend corrective action, (e) Applications: (i) Sub-classification within SCs: Davinder Singh (2024) permits States to sub-classify SCs for equitable benefit distribution, operationalizing Article 46's focus on most marginalized, (ii) Intersectional approach: Recognizing compounded disadvantage (caste + gender, caste + disability) enables targeted policies for most vulnerable, (f) Challenges: (i) Implementation gaps: Weak enforcement of atrocity laws, delays in justice limit protection effectiveness, (ii) Social attitudes: Persistent caste discrimination requires accompanying social education, community engagement, (iii) Data-driven policy: Disaggregated data on SC/ST outcomes essential for targeted interventions, monitoring progress, (g) Illustrates transformative social justice: Article 46 operationalized through affirmative action, protective legislation; balance between legal safeguards, social change, economic empowerment essential for realizing constitutional vision of substantive equality for SC/ST.
Article 42 directs the State to make provision for maternity relief, and the Maternity Benefit Act (amended 2017) provides ______ weeks of paid maternity leave for women employees in establishments with 10 or more workers, reflecting commitment to gender justice in workplace.
- 12
- 26
- 36
- 52
Answer: 26
Article 42 maternity relief and gender justice: (a) Article 42 text: State shall make provision for securing just and humane conditions of work and for maternity relief, (b) Maternity Benefit Act (amended 2017): (i) Paid leave: Provides 26 weeks of paid maternity leave for women employees in establishments with 10 or more workers (increased from 12 weeks), (ii) Creche facilities: Establishments with 50+ employees must provide creche facilities; enables women's workforce participation, (iii) Work from home: Option for work from home after maternity leave, subject to nature of work; enhances flexibility, work-life balance, (c) Gender justice dimensions: (i) Economic empowerment: Paid leave enables women to maintain income, career progression during motherhood, (ii) Health outcomes: Adequate leave supports maternal, child health; reduces infant mortality, improves breastfeeding rates, (iii) Workplace equality: Maternity benefits reduce discrimination against women in hiring, promotion; promote gender-inclusive workplaces, (d) Applications: (i) Formal sector: Large employers increasingly comply with Maternity Benefit Act; awareness, enforcement needed for smaller establishments, (ii) Informal sector: 90% of women workers in informal sector; extending maternity protections requires innovative approaches (portable benefits, community support), (iii) Public sector: Government schemes (NFSA maternity benefits) complement Maternity Benefit Act for vulnerable women, (e) Challenges: (i) Employer concerns: Small businesses worry about cost of maternity benefits; require support mechanisms (subsidies, insurance), (ii) Awareness: Many women unaware of maternity entitlements; require legal literacy campaigns, grievance redressal, (iii) Cultural norms: Patriarchal attitudes may discourage women from claiming benefits; require social change alongside legal reform, (f) Illustrates transformative gender policy: Article 42 operationalized through Maternity Benefit Act; balance between legal entitlement, employer capacity, cultural change essential for realizing constitutional vision of gender justice, work-life integration.
Article 41 directs the State to make effective provision for securing right to work, and MGNREGA (2005) operationalizes this by guaranteeing 100 days wage employment per rural household, with legal entitlement, social audit, decentralized planning.
- True
- False
Answer: True
Article 41 right to work and MGNREGA: (a) Article 41 text: State shall, within limits of economic capacity and development, make effective provision for securing right to work, education, public assistance in cases of unemployment, old age, sickness, disablement, undeserved want, (b) MGNREGA operationalization: (i) Legal entitlement: Guarantees 100 days wage employment per rural household; not discretionary benefit but enforceable right, (ii) Social audit: Community monitoring ensures accountability, reduces corruption, enhances effectiveness, (iii) Decentralized planning: Gram Sabhas prepare shelf of works, prioritize local needs; enables participatory governance, (c) Applications: (i) Women's participation: One-third reservation for women; actual participation often exceeds 50%, empowering rural women economically, socially, (ii) Asset creation: Works focus on water conservation, irrigation, rural infrastructure; enhance productivity, climate resilience, (iii) Migration reduction: Local employment opportunities reduce distress migration, strengthen rural economies, (d) Challenges: (i) Delayed wages: Payment delays undermine right to work; require administrative reforms, digital systems, timely fund flow, (ii) Quality of works: Ensuring durable, useful assets requires technical capacity, community participation, maintenance planning, (iii) Convergence: Coordination with other schemes (PMAY, NFSA) enables holistic rural development, but requires institutional coordination, (e) Illustrates transformative social rights: Article 41 operationalized through MGNREGA; balance between legal entitlement, fiscal capacity, administrative efficiency essential for realizing constitutional vision of right to work, dignity, rural development.