Medium Level – GK Questions

Stratified sampling maintains class proportions in train/test splits, critical for imbalanced classification tasks. Prevents evaluation bias from skewed splits.

CDNs (CloudFront, Cloud CDN) distribute content to edge locations near users, reducing latency and origin load. Critical for global application performance and user experience.

Managed databases (AWS RDS, GCP Cloud SQL) handle provisioning, patching, backups, scaling. Reduces operational overhead vs self-managed databases. Critical for cloud application development.

Post-incident review captures lessons learned: what happened, response effectiveness, root causes, improvements. Critical for continuous security program maturity.

Email security combines: SPF/DKIM for authentication, ML for content analysis, heuristics for known patterns. Layered defense critical for phishing protection.

A/B testing randomly assigns users to model variants, measuring metrics like conversion, engagement. Critical for data-driven model iteration and business value validation.

MLOps tools: DVC versions data and models, MLflow tracks experiments and deployments. Combined with Git for end-to-end reproducibility. Critical for enterprise ML governance.

Prompt engineering: clear instructions, examples, formatting, chain-of-thought. Low-cost method to improve LLM outputs without retraining. Critical for practical LLM applications.

Structured output: function calling defines schemas for LLM responses, parsing libraries validate/extract structured data. Critical for integrating LLMs with APIs and databases.

WTO e-commerce negotiations and OECD digital economy work address cross-border data flows, digital taxation, consumer protection. India actively participates in shaping global digital trade rules.

PLI for IT hardware (2021) provides incentives on incremental sales of laptops, tablets, servers manufactured in India. Aims to reduce imports, create jobs, strengthen electronics ecosystem.

CERT-In handles cyber incident response; NCIIPC (National Critical Information Infrastructure Protection Centre) protects critical infrastructure. Both under MeitY for cybersecurity governance.

Digital India encompasses UPI, Aadhaar, DigiLocker for inclusive digital services. UPI enables instant, interoperable payments driving financial inclusion. Critical for digital economy questions.

Data leakage: using future data, target information, or test set in training/preprocessing. Causes overfitting and poor generalization. Critical to prevent via proper data splitting and pipeline design.

Regression metrics: RMSE (Root Mean Square Error) penalizes large errors, MAE for robustness, R² for variance explained. Choice depends on business impact of errors.

Categorical encoding: label encoding for ordinal variables, one-hot for nominal, target encoding for high-cardinality. Choice impacts model performance and interpretability.

Multi-region architecture distributes workload across geographic regions, enabling failover during regional disasters. Critical for business continuity and global user experience.

Serverless compute (AWS Lambda, GCP Cloud Functions) executes code in response to events: API calls, file uploads, messages. Auto-scaling, pay-per-execution pricing. Critical for event-driven architectures.

Cloud Security Alliance Cloud Controls Matrix provides comprehensive security controls for cloud services, mapped to standards like ISO 27001, NIST. Critical for cloud security governance.

EDR focuses on endpoint telemetry and response; XDR extends to network, cloud, email for cross-domain threat detection. Critical for comprehensive threat protection.