Medium Level – GK Questions

ISO/IEC 27001 specifies ISMS requirements: risk assessment, controls, monitoring, improvement. Certification demonstrates commitment to security best practices.

World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) develops web standards ensuring interoperability, accessibility, innovation. India participates through W3C India office.

Income Tax e-Filing Portal enables online return submission, refund tracking, compliance services. Integrated with Aadhaar, PAN, pre-filled data. Critical for digital tax administration.

As per IT Rules, documents issued by registered authorities through DigiLocker are legally valid and equivalent to physical originals under the Information Technology Act, 2000.

UMANG (Unified Mobile Application for New-age Governance) offers 1,200+ services: Aadhaar, PAN, EPFO, utilities, health. Multilingual, voice search, offline access.

Anomaly detection (Isolation Forest, Autoencoders, statistical methods) identifies outliers indicating fraud, failures, or novel events. Critical for security, monitoring, quality control.

Interactive visualizations (Tableau, Power BI, Plotly) enable self-service analytics: filtering, sorting, drilling into details. Critical for data-driven decision making across organizations.

Clustering (K-means, hierarchical, DBSCAN) discovers natural groupings in unlabeled data. Applications: customer segmentation, anomaly detection, document organization.

Time series forecasting (ARIMA, Prophet, LSTM) models temporal patterns for demand prediction, anomaly detection, capacity planning. Critical for business planning and operations.

Data minimization (DPDP Act, GDPR) limits collection to what's necessary for specified purpose. Reduces privacy risks, storage costs, breach impact. Critical for responsible AI data practices.

Proportion visualization: bar charts for clear comparison, pie charts for part-to-whole (limited categories), stacked bars for multiple groups. Choice depends on data and audience.

Scatter plots display individual data points for two variables, revealing correlations, clusters, outliers. Foundation for regression analysis and exploratory data science.

Bias in training data or model design can lead to discriminatory outcomes. Mitigation: diverse datasets, fairness metrics, bias audits, human oversight. Critical for ethical AI deployment.

Transparency (Explainable AI/XAI) ensures AI decisions can be interpreted by humans. Techniques: LIME, SHAP, attention visualization. Critical for trust, debugging, regulatory compliance.

Data integration combines disparate sources via ETL/ELT, virtualization, or federation. Enables unified analytics, reporting, and decision-making. Critical for enterprise data strategy.

Serverless query engines (AWS Athena, Google BigQuery) enable SQL queries directly on data in object storage using schema-on-read. Eliminates ETL for ad-hoc analysis. Pay-per-query pricing.

IaC (Terraform), Configuration Management (Ansible), GitOps all use version-controlled code to define infrastructure state. Enables repeatability, auditability, peer review, automated testing.

Data lakes (S3, ADLS) store raw structured/unstructured data for flexible analysis; data warehouses (Snowflake, Redshift) store curated, schema-on-write data for BI. Modern: lakehouse pattern combines both.

Managed Kubernetes: EKS (AWS), AKS (Azure), GKE (GCP) handle control plane, updates, scaling. Abstracts infrastructure while retaining container flexibility. Critical for cloud-native development.

Parquet is columnar storage format optimized for analytics: efficient compression, predicate pushdown, schema evolution. Reduces I/O by reading only required columns. Used in Spark, Hive, Presto.