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Bt cotton contains a gene from which organism for pest resistance?
- Agrobacterium
- Bacillus thuringiensis
- Escherichia coli
- Rhizobium
Answer: Bacillus thuringiensis
Bt gene produces Cry protein toxic to bollworm larvae but safe for humans. First commercially approved GM crop in India (2002). Important for biotechnology and agriculture. [[DBT Reports, NCERT Biology Class 12]]
The power of a lens is measured in:
- Meters
- Diopters
- Candela
- Lux
Answer: Diopters
Lens power P = 1/f (in meters), unit: diopter (D). Positive for convex, negative for concave lenses. Used in prescribing corrective eyewear. [[NCERT Physics Class 10]]
Which of the following is NOT a biodiversity hotspot in India?
- Western Ghats
- Eastern Himalayas
- Sundaland
- Thar Desert
Answer: Thar Desert
India has four hotspots: Himalayas, Indo-Burma, Sundaland, Western Ghats. Thar Desert, while ecologically important, isn't classified as a hotspot (requires >1,500 endemic plants and >70% habitat loss). [[MoEFCC, NCERT Biology Class 12]]
Which Indian state has the highest installed wind power capacity?
- Gujarat
- Tamil Nadu
- Maharashtra
- Rajasthan
Answer: Tamil Nadu
Tamil Nadu leads in wind energy (~10 GW), leveraging coastal winds. India ranks 4th globally in wind power. Important for energy and current affairs sections. [[MNRE Reports, NCERT Geography Class 11]]
Which organelle is known as the 'powerhouse of the cell'?
- Nucleus
- Ribosome
- Mitochondria
- Golgi apparatus
Answer: Mitochondria
Mitochondria generate ATP through cellular respiration (Krebs cycle, ETC). They have their own DNA and ribosomes, supporting endosymbiotic theory. Fundamental cell biology concept. [[NCERT Biology Class 11]]
Which AI technique enables computers to learn from data without explicit programming?
- Expert Systems
- Machine Learning
- Robotics
- Natural Language Processing
Answer: Machine Learning
Machine Learning algorithms identify patterns in data to make predictions/decisions. Subfields include supervised, unsupervised, reinforcement learning. Key emerging technology topic. [[NITI Aayog Reports]]
Which sugar is present in RNA?
- Glucose
- Fructose
- Ribose
- Deoxyribose
Answer: Ribose
RNA contains ribose sugar (with -OH at 2' carbon); DNA has deoxyribose (-H at 2' carbon). This structural difference affects stability and function of nucleic acids. [[NCERT Chemistry Class 12]]
Young's double-slit experiment demonstrates the ________ nature of light.
- Particle
- Wave
- Dual
- Electromagnetic
Answer: Wave
Interference fringes in Young's experiment confirm light's wave nature (superposition principle). Photoelectric effect shows particle nature. Together they establish wave-particle duality. [[NCERT Physics Class 12]]
Which disease is transmitted by the female Anopheles mosquito?
- Dengue
- Malaria
- Chikungunya
- Zika
Answer: Malaria
Female Anopheles mosquito transmits Plasmodium parasites causing malaria. Dengue/Zika are spread by Aedes aegypti. Vector-borne disease knowledge is vital for health sections. [[NCERT Biology Class 12, NVBDCP Guidelines]]
BOD stands for:
- Biological Oxygen Demand
- Biochemical Oxygen Demand
- Bacterial Oxygen Demand
- Basic Oxygen Demand
Answer: Biochemical Oxygen Demand
BOD measures oxygen required by microbes to decompose organic matter in water. High BOD indicates severe pollution. Critical parameter in water quality assessment. [[CPCB Guidelines, NCERT Biology Class 12]]
Which molecule has a linear geometry?
- H₂O
- NH₃
- CO₂
- CH₄
Answer: CO₂
CO₂ has sp hybridization with two double bonds, resulting in linear shape (180° bond angle). H₂O (bent), NH₃ (pyramidal), CH₄ (tetrahedral). VSEPR theory application. [[NCERT Chemistry Class 11]]
Control rods in nuclear reactors are made of materials that:
- Amplify neutrons
- Absorb neutrons
- Reflect neutrons
- Moderate neutrons
Answer: Absorb neutrons
Control rods (cadmium/boron) absorb excess neutrons to regulate fission chain reaction. Moderators (heavy water/graphite) slow neutrons. Essential for understanding nuclear energy. [[NCERT Physics Class 12]]
Which of the following is a virus that causes AIDS?
- HBV
- HIV
- HSV
- HPV
Answer: HIV
HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) attacks CD4+ T-cells, weakening the immune system. Untreated HIV infection leads to AIDS. Awareness of pathogens is crucial for health sections. [[NCERT Biology Class 12, NACO Guidelines]]
Which transition metal is used as a catalyst in the Haber process for ammonia synthesis?
- Nickel
- Iron
- Platinum
- Copper
Answer: Iron
Finely divided iron with Mo promoter catalyzes N₂ + 3H₂ → 2NH₃ at high pressure/temperature. Haber process is crucial for fertilizer production. Important industrial application of transition metals. [[NCERT Chemistry Class 12]]
The Montreal Protocol (1987) primarily addresses the phase-out of:
- Greenhouse gases
- Ozone-depleting substances
- Plastic waste
- Nuclear waste
Answer: Ozone-depleting substances
Montreal Protocol targets CFCs, halons, and other ODS to protect stratospheric ozone. It's considered one of the most successful environmental treaties. India ratified it in 1992. [[UNEP, NCERT Geography Class 11]]
Which element is commonly used as a dopant to create n-type semiconductors?
- Boron
- Aluminum
- Phosphorus
- Gallium
Answer: Phosphorus
Phosphorus (Group 15) has 5 valence electrons. When doped into silicon (Group 14), the extra electron becomes free for conduction, creating n-type semiconductor. Boron creates p-type. Fundamental for electronics. [[NCERT Physics Class 12]]
Baking soda is chemically known as:
- Sodium carbonate
- Sodium bicarbonate
- Sodium hydroxide
- Sodium chloride
Answer: Sodium bicarbonate
Baking soda is NaHCO₃ (sodium hydrogen carbonate). It releases CO₂ when heated or mixed with acid, causing dough to rise. Common household chemical with exam relevance. [[NCERT Chemistry Class 10]]
BCG vaccine is given to prevent:
- Polio
- Tuberculosis
- Measles
- Hepatitis B
Answer: Tuberculosis
BCG (Bacillus Calmette-Guérin) vaccine provides immunity against tuberculosis, especially severe forms in children. Part of India's Universal Immunization Programme. [[MoHFW Guidelines, NCERT Biology Class 12]]
If the distance between two masses is doubled, the gravitational force becomes:
- Half
- Double
- One-fourth
- Four times
Answer: One-fourth
Newton's law: F ∝ 1/r². Doubling distance (r→2r) reduces force to F/4. Inverse-square law applies to gravity, light intensity, etc. [[NCERT Physics Class 11]]
The National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) in India is headed by:
- President
- Prime Minister
- Home Minister
- Defense Minister
Answer: Prime Minister
NDMA, established under Disaster Management Act 2005, is chaired by the Prime Minister for policy planning and coordination of disaster response. Important for governance and current affairs. [[NDMA Guidelines, NCERT Geography Class 11]]