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The Green Climate Fund (GCF) was established under which international agreement?
- Kyoto Protocol
- Paris Agreement
- UNFCCC
- Montreal Protocol
Answer: UNFCCC
GCF was established at COP16 (2010) under UNFCCC to assist developing countries in climate mitigation/adaptation. Operationalized in 2015; India is an active recipient and contributor. [[MoEFCC, UNFCCC Reports]]
Pharmacogenomics studies how genetic variations affect individual responses to:
- Diet
- Drugs
- Exercise
- Environment
Answer: Drugs
Pharmacogenomics tailors drug therapy based on patient's genome (e.g., CYP450 variants affecting drug metabolism). Aims to maximize efficacy, minimize adverse reactions. Emerging field in precision healthcare. [[ICMR Reports, NCERT Biology Class 12]]
LEDs emit light when electrons recombine with holes in a semiconductor, releasing energy as:
- Heat
- Photons
- Phonons
- Plasmons
Answer: Photons
Electroluminescence in LEDs: electron-hole recombination across bandgap emits photons (light). Energy (color) determined by semiconductor bandgap (e.g., GaAsP for red). Energy-efficient lighting. [[NCERT Physics Class 12]]
Which drug is a monoclonal antibody used in cancer immunotherapy targeting PD-1?
- Imatinib
- Pembrolizumab
- Methotrexate
- Cisplatin
Answer: Pembrolizumab
Pembrolizumab (Keytruda) blocks PD-1 checkpoint, enhancing T-cell attack on tumors. Represents paradigm shift to immunotherapy in oncology. Approved for multiple cancers. [[NCERT Biology Class 12, ICMR Reports]]
Which feature of blockchain ensures that records cannot be altered retroactively?
- Decentralization
- Immutability
- Transparency
- Anonymity
Answer: Immutability
Immutability: once data is added to a block and chained via hashes, altering it requires recalculating all subsequent blocks across the network—computationally infeasible. Core to trustless systems. [[NITI Aayog Reports]]
Which Indian institution develops climate models for regional projections under the National Climate Mission?
- ISRO
- IITM Pune
- BARC
- DRDO
Answer: IITM Pune
Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology (IITM), Pune, develops Earth System Models (e.g., IITM-ESM) for monsoon prediction and climate change projections. Supports policy and adaptation planning. [[MoES Reports]]
Which technique allows precise insertion of large DNA fragments into genomes?
- PCR
- CRISPR-Cas9
- Recombineering
- Gel electrophoresis
Answer: Recombineering
Recombineering uses phage proteins for homologous recombination in vivo, enabling large DNA insertions/deletions. Complements CRISPR for complex genome engineering in synthetic biology. [[DBT Reports, NCERT Biology Class 12]]
Superconductivity occurs below a critical temperature where electrical resistance becomes:
- Very high
- Moderate
- Zero
- Negative
Answer: Zero
Superconductors exhibit zero DC resistance and Meissner effect (expelling magnetic fields). Applications: MRI magnets, maglev trains, quantum computing. High-Tc superconductors operate above liquid nitrogen temps. [[NCERT Physics Class 12]]
Which functional group is characteristic of beta-lactam antibiotics like penicillin?
- Ester
- Amide
- Beta-lactam ring
- Carboxylic acid
Answer: Beta-lactam ring
Beta-lactam ring (4-membered cyclic amide) inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis. Resistance via beta-lactamase enzymes. Core structure for penicillins, cephalosporins, carbapenems. [[NCERT Chemistry Class 12]]
Which tool is used to create a bit-by-bit copy of a storage device for forensic analysis?
- Antivirus
- Disk imaging software
- Firewall
- Encryption tool
Answer: Disk imaging software
Forensic imaging (e.g., FTK Imager, dd) creates exact clones preserving metadata and deleted files. Essential for legal evidence collection without altering original data. [[CERT-In Guidelines]]
Which pollutant is NOT directly measured by the National Air Quality Index (NAQI)?
- PM2.5
- Ozone (O₃)
- Carbon Monoxide (CO)
- Carbon Dioxide (CO₂)
Answer: Carbon Dioxide (CO₂)
NAQI monitors 8 pollutants: PM10, PM2.5, NO₂, SO₂, CO, O₃, NH₃, Pb. CO₂ is a greenhouse gas but not a criteria air pollutant for NAQI. Important distinction for environmental exams. [[CPCB Guidelines]]
Which neurotransmitter is primarily associated with reward and pleasure pathways?
- Serotonin
- Dopamine
- GABA
- Acetylcholine
Answer: Dopamine
Dopamine in mesolimbic pathway mediates reward, motivation, addiction. Imbalances linked to Parkinson's (deficit) and schizophrenia (excess). Critical for understanding brain function. [[NCERT Biology Class 11]]
Aditya-L1, India's solar mission, is positioned at which Lagrange point?
- L1
- L2
- L4
- L5
Answer: L1
Aditya-L1 orbits Sun-Earth L1 point (~1.5 million km from Earth), providing uninterrupted solar observation. Studies corona, solar winds, and space weather impacts. [[ISRO Reports, NCERT Geography Class 11]]
Which drug class inhibits the enzyme ACE (Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme)?
- Beta-blockers
- ACE inhibitors
- Calcium channel blockers
- Diuretics
Answer: ACE inhibitors
ACE inhibitors (e.g., Enalapril, Lisinopril) block conversion of angiotensin I to II, lowering blood pressure. First-line treatment for hypertension and heart failure. [[NCERT Biology Class 11, MoHFW Guidelines]]
Which encryption method uses a pair of public and private keys?
- Symmetric encryption
- Asymmetric encryption
- Hashing
- Steganography
Answer: Asymmetric encryption
Asymmetric (public-key) cryptography: public key encrypts, private key decrypts (e.g., RSA, ECC). Enables secure communication, digital signatures. Symmetric uses same key for both. [[CERT-In Guidelines]]
Under the Paris Agreement, Article 6 establishes mechanisms for:
- Climate finance only
- International carbon trading
- Technology transfer only
- Loss and damage funding
Answer: International carbon trading
Article 6 enables countries to cooperate via carbon markets (trading emission reductions) and non-market approaches to achieve NDCs. Critical for global climate mitigation. [[UNFCCC, MoEFCC Reports]]
RNA interference (RNAi) is a biological process that:
- Amplifies DNA
- Silences gene expression
- Replicates RNA
- Translates proteins
Answer: Silences gene expression
RNAi uses siRNA/miRNA to degrade or block translation of specific mRNA, regulating genes. Applied in pest-resistant crops (e.g., RNAi cotton) and therapeutic research. [[NCERT Biology Class 12, DBT Reports]]
Which instrument is used to measure the wavelength of light?
- Microscope
- Telescope
- Spectrometer
- Polarimeter
Answer: Spectrometer
Spectrometer disperses light into spectrum to measure wavelength, intensity, and spectral lines. Essential for atomic spectroscopy, chemical analysis, and astronomy. [[NCERT Physics Class 12]]
Which reaction is used to prepare alkyl halides from alcohols using SOCl₂?
- Friedel-Crafts
- Sandmeyer
- Darzens
- Appel
Answer: Appel
Appel reaction: R-OH + SOCl₂/PPh₃ → R-Cl + SO₂ + POCl₃. Converts alcohols to alkyl chlorides under mild conditions. Important synthetic method in organic chemistry. [[NCERT Chemistry Class 12]]
What is the basic unit of information in quantum computing?
- Bit
- Qubit
- Byte
- Quantum gate
Answer: Qubit
Qubit (quantum bit) can exist in superposition (0 and 1 simultaneously), enabling parallel computation. Entanglement allows correlated qubit states. Potential to solve problems intractable for classical computers. [[NITI Aayog Reports]]