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Which technique involves testing software by providing invalid/unexpected inputs to find crashes?
- Static Analysis
- Fuzz Testing
- Penetration Testing
- Code Review
Answer: Fuzz Testing
Fuzzing automates input of random/malformed data to discover crashes, memory leaks, and vulnerabilities. Effective for finding zero-days in parsers, protocols, and APIs. Tools: AFL, libFuzzer. Critical for secure software development lifecycle questions.
Which factor most significantly impacts lithium-ion battery degradation?
- Charging Speed
- Temperature
- Depth of Discharge
- All of these
Answer: All of these
Battery degradation accelerates with: high temperature (accelerates side reactions), fast charging (lithium plating), deep discharge (electrode stress). Battery management systems optimize these factors. Critical for EV longevity and storage economics questions.
Which packaging technology enables 3D stacking of chips for higher performance?
- Wire Bonding
- Flip-Chip
- Through-Silicon Via
- Plastic Encapsulation
Answer: Through-Silicon Via
TSV (Through-Silicon Via) creates vertical electrical connections through silicon dies, enabling 3D chip stacking for higher bandwidth, lower power, and smaller footprint. Critical for advanced packaging in HPC, mobile, and AI chips. India focuses on ATMP capabilities.
Which Indian initiative promotes commercialization of space technologies through startups?
- IN-SPACe
- NSIL
- Both A and B
- Neither
Answer: Both A and B
IN-SPACe authorizes/facilitates private space activities; NSIL (NewSpace India Limited) commercializes ISRO technologies via industry partnerships. Together they enable India's space economy growth. Critical for understanding space sector reforms and entrepreneurship questions.
Which nanomaterial is used in sunscreen for UV protection without white residue?
- Carbon Nanotubes
- Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles
- Gold Nanoparticles
- Quantum Dots
Answer: Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles
Nano-ZnO/TiO2 provide broad-spectrum UV protection while being transparent on skin vs micron-sized particles that leave white cast. Safety: coated nanoparticles minimize skin penetration. India regulates nanomaterials in cosmetics. Critical for nanotech applications and consumer safety questions.
Which attack exploits trust in SSL/TLS certificates to intercept encrypted communications?
- Man-in-the-Middle
- SSL Stripping
- Certificate Pinning Bypass
- All of these
Answer: All of these
MITM attacks intercept communications; SSL stripping downgrades HTTPS to HTTP; certificate pinning bypass tricks apps into accepting fake certs. Defenses: HSTS, certificate transparency, pinning. Critical for understanding web security threats in banking/UPSC exams.
Which battery chemistry is dominant in electric vehicles due to high energy density?
- Lead-Acid
- LFP
- NMC
- Sodium-Ion
Answer: NMC
NMC (Lithium Nickel Manganese Cobalt Oxide) offers high energy density for EV range, balanced with cost and safety. LFP (Lithium Iron Phosphate) is safer, cheaper, longer-life but lower energy density. India's ACC PLI supports both. Critical for EV technology questions.
Which material is commonly used as substrate for silicon semiconductor manufacturing?
- Sapphire
- Silicon Wafer
- Glass
- Plastic
Answer: Silicon Wafer
Silicon wafers (single-crystal, polished discs) are foundational substrate for IC fabrication due to: abundance, mature processing, and suitable electronic properties. Compound semiconductors (GaAs, SiC) used for specialized applications. Critical for understanding chip manufacturing basics.
Which satellite constellation provides global broadband internet coverage?
- NavIC
- OneWeb
- GSAT
- CARTOSAT
Answer: OneWeb
OneWeb (partly Indian-owned via Bharti Group) operates LEO satellite constellation for global broadband, especially rural/remote areas. Competes with Starlink. Critical for digital connectivity and space commerce questions. NavIC is navigation; GSAT is communication; CARTOSAT is earth observation.
Which property makes aerogels suitable for thermal insulation in space applications?
- High Density
- Low Thermal Conductivity
- Electrical Conductivity
- Magnetic Properties
Answer: Low Thermal Conductivity
Aerogels are ultra-light porous materials (~99% air) with extremely low thermal conductivity, making them excellent insulators. Used in Mars rovers, spacecraft, and building insulation. India researches aerogels at ISRO and IITs. Critical for materials science and space tech questions.
Which tool is commonly used for network scanning and vulnerability assessment?
- Wireshark
- Nmap
- Metasploit
- John the Ripper
Answer: Nmap
Nmap (Network Mapper) scans networks for hosts, ports, services, and OS detection. Foundation for vulnerability assessment. Wireshark is packet analyzer; Metasploit is exploitation framework; John the Ripper is password cracker. Critical for cybersecurity tools knowledge in exams.
Which metric measures the total energy a battery can deliver over its lifetime?
- Energy Density
- Power Density
- Cycle Life
- Lifetime Energy Throughput
Answer: Lifetime Energy Throughput
Lifetime Energy Throughput = Nominal Capacity × Cycle Life × Depth of Discharge. Critical for comparing storage economics: high-throughput batteries (LFP, flow) suit frequent cycling; high-energy-density (NMC) suit weight-sensitive applications. Essential for energy storage planning questions.
Which step in semiconductor fabrication involves transferring circuit patterns onto silicon wafers?
- Etching
- Photolithography
- Deposition
- Doping
Answer: Photolithography
Photolithography uses light to transfer mask patterns onto photoresist-coated wafers, defining circuit features. Critical for miniaturization; EUV lithography enables sub-7nm nodes. Other steps: deposition (add layers), etching (remove material), doping (modify conductivity). Critical for chip manufacturing questions.
Which Indian startup is developing small satellite launch vehicles for commercial missions?
- Skyroot Aerospace
- Agnikul Cosmos
- Both A and B
- Neither
Answer: Both A and B
Skyroot Aerospace (Vikram series) and Agnikul Cosmos (Agnibaan) are Indian private startups developing small launch vehicles for dedicated small satellite missions. Supported by IN-SPACe and NSIL. Represents India's emerging commercial space ecosystem. Critical for space economy questions.
Which nanomaterial property enables targeted drug delivery in medical applications?
- High Surface Area
- Quantum Confinement
- Superparamagnetism
- All of these
Answer: All of these
Nanomaterials enable: high surface area for drug loading, quantum effects for imaging, superparamagnetism for magnetic targeting. Applications: cancer therapy, diagnostics, tissue engineering. India's Nano Mission supports research. Critical for nanotechnology and healthcare innovation questions.
Which phase of penetration testing involves gathering information about target systems?
- Exploitation
- Reconnaissance
- Reporting
- Post-Exploitation
Answer: Reconnaissance
Reconnaissance (information gathering) is first phase of pentest: passive (OSINT, WHOIS) and active (scanning, enumeration) techniques to map target attack surface. Followed by scanning, exploitation, post-exploitation, and reporting. Critical for cybersecurity methodology questions.
Which battery technology uses solid electrolyte instead of liquid for improved safety and energy density?
- Li-ion
- Solid-State Battery
- Lead-Acid
- Flow Battery
Answer: Solid-State Battery
Solid-State Batteries replace flammable liquid electrolytes with solid ceramics/polymers, enabling: higher energy density, faster charging, wider temperature range, and reduced fire risk. Key for EVs and grid storage. India's ACC PLI scheme supports domestic manufacturing. Critical for clean energy questions.
Which process node represents the current cutting-edge in commercial semiconductor manufacturing as of 2026?
- 7nm
- 5nm
- 3nm
- 2nm
Answer: 3nm
As of 2026, 3nm process node is in high-volume production (TSMC, Samsung) for flagship mobile and HPC chips. 2nm is in risk production with GAA transistors. India's semiconductor mission targets mature nodes (28nm-65nm) initially for strategic autonomy. Critical for understanding tech competitiveness questions.
Which practice involves defining infrastructure and configuration in version-controlled code files?
- Infrastructure as Code
- Configuration Management
- GitOps
- All of these
Answer: All of these
IaC (Terraform), Configuration Management (Ansible), and GitOps all use version-controlled code to define infrastructure/app state. Enables: repeatability, auditability, peer review, and automated testing. Critical for modern DevOps practices and cloud operations questions.
Which Kubernetes object stores non-confidential configuration data for pods to consume?
- Secret
- ConfigMap
- PersistentVolume
- Namespace
Answer: ConfigMap
ConfigMap stores configuration data (environment variables, config files) as key-value pairs for pods. Secret is for sensitive data (base64-encoded); PersistentVolume for storage; Namespace for resource isolation. Critical for Kubernetes configuration management questions.