MCQ – GK Questions

Kafka excels at high-throughput event streaming; RabbitMQ at flexible routing. Both enable event-driven architectures.

Malware analysis combines: static (code inspection), dynamic (runtime behavior), sandboxing (isolated execution).

Managed secrets managers store, rotate, and control access to credentials, API keys, certificates. Critical for secure cloud applications.

EDR monitors endpoint behavior; device posture assesses security configuration. Both enable continuous verification in Zero Trust.

Digital India ecosystem: UMANG for service delivery, MyGov for citizen engagement, DigiLocker for documents.

Transformer architecture uses self-attention mechanisms to process sequences in parallel, enabling scaling to billions of parameters.

Parquet is columnar storage format optimized for analytics: efficient compression, predicate pushdown, schema evolution.

Kafka (messaging), Flink (stream processing), Spark Streaming (micro-batch) enable real-time analytics with varying consistency guarantees.

STIX/TAXII standardizes threat data exchange; MITRE ATT&CK catalogs adversary TTPs. Both enable threat-informed defense and collaboration.

Cloud provider secures infrastructure ('security OF cloud'); customer secures data/apps ('security IN cloud'). Responsibilities vary by service model (IaaS/PaaS/SaaS).

Zero Trust assumes breach and verifies every request regardless of source. Implements identity verification, least privilege, micro-segmentation, continuous monitoring.

India's digital education ecosystem integrates: DigiLocker (store/share certificates), Academic Bank of Credits (ABC) for credit accumulation/transfer under NEP 2020, and NDEAR (National Digital Education Architecture) for interoperable standards. Blockchain pilots ensure tamper-proof credential verification. Supports lifelong learning and student mobility.

Scheduling (or start-stop automation) shuts down dev/test environments nights and weekends, reducing costs by 60-70%. Implemented via cloud provider tools (AWS Instance Scheduler, Azure Automation) or third-party solutions. Complements other strategies: right-sizing (match resources to workload), reserved instances (commitment discounts), and auto-scaling (demand-based scaling).

Temporal Tables (SQL:2011 standard) automatically track row history with system-versioned tables. Event Sourcing stores state changes as immutable events, enabling reconstruction of any historical state. Both support audit trails, time-travel queries, and compliance. Trade-offs: increased storage and query complexity for historical analysis.

Data localization requirements exist in: RBI directive (payment system data stored only in India), DPDP Act 2023 (significant data fiduciaries may be notified for localization), and sectoral guidelines (telecom, health). Balances data sovereignty, law enforcement access, and global data flow needs. Compliance requires careful architecture planning.

MyGov is a citizen engagement platform launched under Digital India. Enables Indians to participate in policy discussions, submit ideas, vote on proposals, and provide feedback on government initiatives. Fosters collaborative governance, transparent decision-making, and inclusive policy formulation through digital participation.

CARTOSAT-3 is a third-generation agile advanced earth observation satellite with sub-meter resolution (0.25m panchromatic). Used for cartography, urban planning, infrastructure monitoring, and strategic applications. Launch on PSLV in 2019. Part of India's self-reliance in high-resolution remote sensing data for development and security.

IaaS (Infrastructure as a Service) provides fundamental computing resources: virtual machines, storage, networks, and operating systems. Customers manage applications, data, runtime, and middleware. Examples: AWS EC2, Azure VMs, Google Compute Engine. Offers maximum flexibility but requires more management than PaaS or SaaS.

UNION combines result sets of multiple SELECT queries into a single result, removing duplicates by default. UNION ALL retains duplicates and is faster. Requirements: same number of columns, compatible data types, and same column order. Useful for consolidating data from similar tables or partitioned datasets.

SSO protocols: SAML (XML-based, enterprise SSO), OAuth 2.0 (authorization framework), OpenID Connect (identity layer on OAuth). Often used together: OIDC for user authentication, OAuth for API access delegation. Enables seamless access to multiple applications with one login, improving user experience and security management.