Hard Level – GK Questions

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polity hard Fill in the Blank Golak Nath Case - Fundamental Rights and Amendment Power Golak Nath Fundamental Rights amendment critical for UPSC Mains and Judiciary exams

In Golak Nath v. State of Punjab (1967), the Supreme Court held that Parliament cannot amend Fundamental Rights under Article 368, but this view was later modified by Kesavananda Bharati (1973) which held that Fundamental Rights can be amended but not ______ if part of basic structure.

  1. abridged
  2. destroyed
  3. interpreted
  4. enforced
polity hard True/False Berubari Union Case - Preamble and Constitutional Interpretation Berubari Union Preamble interpretation critical for UPSC Mains and Judiciary exams

In Berubari Union case (1960), the Supreme Court held that the Preamble is not part of the Constitution and has no legal force, but this view was later overruled by Kesavananda Bharati (1973) which held that Preamble is part of Constitution and informs basic structure identification.

  1. True
  2. False
polity hard MCQ T.M.A. Pai Case - Minority Educational Institutions T.M.A. Pai minority institutions critical for UPSC Mains and Judiciary exams

In T.M.A. Pai Foundation v. State of Karnataka (2002), the 11-judge Constitution Bench held that religious/linguistic minorities have right to establish and administer educational institutions under Article 30(1), subject to:

  1. Complete autonomy without any State regulation
  2. Reasonable regulations ensuring educational standards, non-exploitation, while preserving minority character
  3. State control over curriculum, appointments, fees without limitations
  4. Prohibition on charging fees or admitting non-minority students
polity hard Fill in the Blank Rameshwar Prasad Case - Governor's Report and Objective Material Rameshwar Prasad Governor's report critical for UPSC Mains and Judiciary exams

In Rameshwar Prasad v. Union of India (2006), the Supreme Court struck down Bihar Assembly dissolution under Article 356, holding that the Governor's report recommending President's Rule was based on unverified media reports and political considerations, not ______ assessment of constitutional breakdown.

  1. subjective
  2. objective
  3. confidential
  4. partisan
polity hard True/False Prakash Singh Case - Police Reforms and Continuing Mandamus Prakash Singh police reforms critical for UPSC Mains and Judiciary exams

In Prakash Singh v. Union of India (2006), the Supreme Court issued binding directions for police reforms including fixed tenure for police chiefs, separation of investigation and law and order functions, and police complaint authorities, using the concept of continuing mandamus to monitor implementation.

  1. True
  2. False
polity hard MCQ S.P. Gupta Case - Public Interest Litigation and Locus Standi S.P. Gupta PIL and locus standi critical for UPSC Mains and Judiciary exams

In S.P. Gupta v. Union of India (1981), the Supreme Court expanded the scope of Public Interest Litigation (PIL) by relaxing the rule of ______, allowing public-spirited persons to file petitions for enforcement of rights of marginalized groups unable to approach courts themselves.

  1. stare decisis
  2. locus standi
  3. natural justice
  4. separation of powers
polity hard Fill in the Blank Kedar Nath Singh Case - Sedition Law Limitations Kedar Nath Singh sedition limitations critical for UPSC Mains and Judiciary exams

In Kedar Nath Singh v. State of Bihar (1962), the Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of Section 124A IPC (sedition) but limited its application to acts inciting ______ or public disorder, not mere criticism of government.

  1. violence
  2. protest
  3. dissent
  4. debate
polity hard True/False Waman Rao Case - Prospective Overruling of Basic Structure Waman Rao prospective overruling critical for UPSC Mains and Judiciary exams

In Waman Rao v. Union of India (1981), the Supreme Court applied the doctrine of prospective overruling to basic structure challenges, holding that amendments enacted before April 24, 1973 (date of Kesavananda judgment) are immune from basic structure challenge to ensure legal certainty.

  1. True
  2. False
polity hard MCQ L. Chandra Kumar Case - Tribunal Jurisdiction and Judicial Review L. Chandra Kumar tribunal jurisdiction critical for UPSC Mains and Judiciary exams

In L. Chandra Kumar v. Union of India (1997), the Supreme Court held that:

  1. Tribunals can completely replace High Courts in exercising judicial review
  2. Decisions of tribunals established under Articles 323A/323B are subject to judicial review by High Courts/Supreme Court; ouster clauses cannot exclude constitutional courts' jurisdiction
  3. Parliament can exclude judicial review of tribunal decisions by simple majority
  4. Tribunals have unlimited power to interpret constitutional provisions without judicial oversight
polity hard True/False MC Mehta Cases - Environmental Jurisprudence Evolution MC Mehta environmental jurisprudence critical for UPSC Mains and Judiciary exams

In a series of cases (MC Mehta v. Union of India), the Supreme Court evolved environmental jurisprudence including absolute liability for hazardous industries, public trust doctrine for natural resources, and sustainable development principles as part of right to life under Article 21.

  1. True
  2. False
polity hard True/False Supriyo Case - Same-Sex Marriage and Judicial Restraint Supriyo same-sex marriage critical for UPSC Mains and current affairs exams

In Supriyo v. Union of India (October 2023), the Supreme Court declined to legalize same-sex marriage, holding that recognition of such marriages involves complex policy considerations best left to Parliament, while affirming rights of queer couples to protection from discrimination and access to services.

  1. True
  2. False
polity hard Fill in the Blank Common Cause Case - Right to Die with Dignity Common Cause right to die with dignity critical for UPSC Mains and Judiciary exams

In Common Cause v. Union of India (2018), the Supreme Court recognized passive euthanasia and living wills (advance medical directives) as part of right to die with dignity under Article ______, subject to stringent safeguards to prevent misuse.

  1. 14
  2. 19
  3. 21
  4. 25
polity hard True/False NALSA Case - Transgender Rights and Self-Identification NALSA transgender rights critical for UPSC Mains and Judiciary exams

In National Legal Services Authority (NALSA) v. Union of India (2014), the Supreme Court recognized transgender persons as a third gender under Articles 14, 15, 19, 21, and affirmed their right to self-identify their gender without medical/surgical intervention.

  1. True
  2. False
polity hard MCQ ADM Jabalpur Case - Habeas Corpus During Emergency ADM Jabalpur habeas corpus critical for UPSC Mains and Judiciary exams

In ADM Jabalpur v. Shivkant Shukla (1976), during the 1975-77 Emergency, the Supreme Court held that:

  1. Fundamental Rights cannot be suspended even during Emergency
  2. Right to move courts for enforcement of Fundamental Rights under Article 21 is suspended during Emergency, but this judgment was later overruled by Puttaswamy (2017)
  3. Emergency provisions are unconstitutional and violate basic structure
  4. Habeas corpus petitions can always be filed regardless of Emergency proclamation
polity hard Fill in the Blank Indra Sawhney Case - Reservation and Creamy Layer Indra Sawhney creamy layer critical for UPSC Mains and Judiciary exams

In Indra Sawhney v. Union of India (1992), the Supreme Court upheld 27% reservation for OBCs but introduced the '______ layer' concept to exclude advanced sections within OBCs from reservation benefits, ensuring affirmative action reaches the neediest.

  1. upper
  2. creamy
  3. elite
  4. forward
polity hard True/False Vishaka Case - Gender Justice and Judicial Activism Vishaka gender justice critical for UPSC Mains and Judiciary exams

In Vishaka v. State of Rajasthan (1997), the Supreme Court laid down guidelines to prevent sexual harassment at workplace, filling legislative vacuum until the Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace Act was enacted in 2013, illustrating judicial activism in protecting women's rights under Articles 14, 15, 19, and 21.

  1. True
  2. False
polity hard MCQ Maneka Gandhi Case - Procedural Due Process Maneka Gandhi procedural due process critical for UPSC Mains and Judiciary exams

In Maneka Gandhi v. Union of India (1978), the Supreme Court expanded the scope of Article 21 (right to life and personal liberty) by holding that the procedure established by law must be:

  1. Any procedure prescribed by statute
  2. Fair, just, and reasonable, not arbitrary or oppressive
  3. Approved by the President before implementation
  4. Subject to Parliamentary ratification within 30 days
polity hard Fill in the Blank I.R. Coelho Case - Ninth Schedule and Basic Structure Review I.R. Coelho Ninth Schedule review critical for UPSC Mains and Judiciary exams

In I.R. Coelho v. State of Tamil Nadu (2007), the Supreme Court held that laws placed in the Ninth Schedule after April 24, 1973 (date of Kesavananda judgment) are subject to ______ review, and can be struck down if they violate fundamental rights forming part of basic structure.

  1. procedural
  2. basic structure
  3. administrative
  4. financial
polity hard True/False NJAC Case - Judicial Independence as Basic Structure NJAC judgment judicial independence critical for UPSC Mains and Judiciary exams

In Supreme Court Advocates-on-Record Association v. Union of India (2015), the Supreme Court struck down the 99th Constitutional Amendment establishing the National Judicial Appointments Commission (NJAC), holding that judicial independence is part of the basic structure and executive dominance in judicial appointments threatens separation of powers.

  1. True
  2. False
polity hard MCQ Anuradha Bhasin Case - Digital Rights and Proportionality Anuradha Bhasin digital rights critical for UPSC Mains and current affairs exams

In Anuradha Bhasin v. Union of India (2020), the Supreme Court applied the proportionality test to internet shutdowns. Which of the following was NOT a requirement imposed by the Court for imposing internet restrictions?

  1. Publication of shutdown orders for transparency
  2. Time-bound restrictions subject to periodic review
  3. Judicial review of shutdown decisions
  4. Complete prohibition of internet shutdowns under any circumstances