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The framework that provides standardized methodology for penetration testing is called ________ Testing Execution Standard.
Answer: PTES
PTES (Penetration Testing Execution Standard) defines phases: pre-engagement, intelligence gathering, threat modeling, vulnerability analysis, exploitation, post-exploitation, reporting. Ensures consistent, comprehensive security assessments. Critical for professional cybersecurity practice questions.
Which Indian initiative promotes commercialization of space technologies through startups?
- IN-SPACe
- NSIL
- Both A and B
- Neither
Answer: Both A and B
IN-SPACe authorizes/facilitates private space activities; NSIL (NewSpace India Limited) commercializes ISRO technologies via industry partnerships. Together they enable India's space economy growth. Critical for understanding space sector reforms and entrepreneurship questions.
Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) technology allows electric vehicles to supply power back to the electrical grid.
- True
- False
Answer: True
V2G enables bidirectional power flow: EVs charge during low demand, discharge during peak, providing grid services (frequency regulation, backup). Requires smart chargers, communication protocols, and regulatory frameworks. Critical for smart grid and energy transition questions.
Which nanomaterial is used in sunscreen for UV protection without white residue?
- Carbon Nanotubes
- Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles
- Gold Nanoparticles
- Quantum Dots
Answer: Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles
Nano-ZnO/TiO2 provide broad-spectrum UV protection while being transparent on skin vs micron-sized particles that leave white cast. Safety: coated nanoparticles minimize skin penetration. India regulates nanomaterials in cosmetics. Critical for nanotech applications and consumer safety questions.
The process of adding impurities to silicon to modify its electrical properties is called ________.
Answer: Doping
Doping introduces controlled impurities (phosphorus for n-type, boron for p-type) to create PN junctions, transistors, and diodes. Foundation of semiconductor device physics. Critical for understanding chip functionality and manufacturing questions.
Which attack exploits trust in SSL/TLS certificates to intercept encrypted communications?
- Man-in-the-Middle
- SSL Stripping
- Certificate Pinning Bypass
- All of these
Answer: All of these
MITM attacks intercept communications; SSL stripping downgrades HTTPS to HTTP; certificate pinning bypass tricks apps into accepting fake certs. Defenses: HSTS, certificate transparency, pinning. Critical for understanding web security threats in banking/UPSC exams.
In-orbit servicing can extend satellite lifespan by refueling or repairing components in space.
- True
- False
Answer: True
In-orbit servicing (robotic arms, refueling, upgrades) extends satellite life, reduces space debris, and enables new business models. ISRO's SPADEX tested docking; global companies (Northrop, Astroscale) develop servicing tech. Critical for space sustainability and economy questions.
Which battery chemistry is dominant in electric vehicles due to high energy density?
- Lead-Acid
- LFP
- NMC
- Sodium-Ion
Answer: NMC
NMC (Lithium Nickel Manganese Cobalt Oxide) offers high energy density for EV range, balanced with cost and safety. LFP (Lithium Iron Phosphate) is safer, cheaper, longer-life but lower energy density. India's ACC PLI supports both. Critical for EV technology questions.
Materials that change properties in response to external stimuli like temperature or stress are called ________ Materials.
Answer: Smart / Responsive
Smart materials (piezoelectrics, shape-memory alloys, electrochromics) respond to stimuli: mechanical stress, temperature, electric/magnetic fields. Applications: sensors, actuators, adaptive structures. India researches at DRDO, IITs. Critical for advanced materials and IoT questions.
Which material is commonly used as substrate for silicon semiconductor manufacturing?
- Sapphire
- Silicon Wafer
- Glass
- Plastic
Answer: Silicon Wafer
Silicon wafers (single-crystal, polished discs) are foundational substrate for IC fabrication due to: abundance, mature processing, and suitable electronic properties. Compound semiconductors (GaAs, SiC) used for specialized applications. Critical for understanding chip manufacturing basics.
Social engineering attacks manipulate human psychology rather than exploiting technical vulnerabilities.
- True
- False
Answer: True
Social engineering (phishing, pretexting, baiting) exploits human trust, curiosity, or fear to gain access or information. Often more effective than technical exploits. Defense: security awareness training, verification protocols, and least-privilege access. Critical for holistic cybersecurity understanding.
Which satellite constellation provides global broadband internet coverage?
- NavIC
- OneWeb
- GSAT
- CARTOSAT
Answer: OneWeb
OneWeb (partly Indian-owned via Bharti Group) operates LEO satellite constellation for global broadband, especially rural/remote areas. Competes with Starlink. Critical for digital connectivity and space commerce questions. NavIC is navigation; GSAT is communication; CARTOSAT is earth observation.
The technology that stores energy by compressing air in underground caverns is called ________ Storage.
Answer: Compressed Air Energy / CAES
CAES stores energy by compressing air during low demand, releasing through turbines during peak. Adiabatic CAES recovers compression heat for higher efficiency. Suitable for large-scale, long-duration storage. India explores CAES for renewable integration. Critical for grid-scale storage questions.
Which property makes aerogels suitable for thermal insulation in space applications?
- High Density
- Low Thermal Conductivity
- Electrical Conductivity
- Magnetic Properties
Answer: Low Thermal Conductivity
Aerogels are ultra-light porous materials (~99% air) with extremely low thermal conductivity, making them excellent insulators. Used in Mars rovers, spacecraft, and building insulation. India researches aerogels at ISRO and IITs. Critical for materials science and space tech questions.
Chiplet architecture enables modular design by combining multiple smaller dies in a single package.
- True
- False
Answer: True
Chiplets integrate multiple specialized dies (CPU, GPU, I/O) via advanced packaging (2.5D/3D), improving yield, cost, and design flexibility vs monolithic chips. Used in AMD, Intel products. India's semiconductor strategy includes ATMP (assembly, test, mark, pack) capabilities. Critical for chip design questions.
Which tool is commonly used for network scanning and vulnerability assessment?
- Wireshark
- Nmap
- Metasploit
- John the Ripper
Answer: Nmap
Nmap (Network Mapper) scans networks for hosts, ports, services, and OS detection. Foundation for vulnerability assessment. Wireshark is packet analyzer; Metasploit is exploitation framework; John the Ripper is password cracker. Critical for cybersecurity tools knowledge in exams.
The Indian regulatory body for authorizing private space activities is called ________.
Answer: IN-SPACe
IN-SPACe (Indian National Space Promotion and Authorization Centre) is single-window regulator for private sector space activities: licensing, facilitation, technology transfer. Established under DOS to implement space policy reforms. Critical for understanding India's space governance framework.
Which metric measures the total energy a battery can deliver over its lifetime?
- Energy Density
- Power Density
- Cycle Life
- Lifetime Energy Throughput
Answer: Lifetime Energy Throughput
Lifetime Energy Throughput = Nominal Capacity × Cycle Life × Depth of Discharge. Critical for comparing storage economics: high-throughput batteries (LFP, flow) suit frequent cycling; high-energy-density (NMC) suit weight-sensitive applications. Essential for energy storage planning questions.
Shape-memory alloys can return to original shape when heated after deformation.
- True
- False
Answer: True
Shape-memory alloys (Nitinol: Ni-Ti) undergo reversible phase transformation, enabling shape recovery upon heating. Applications: medical stents, actuators, aerospace. India researches SMAs at DMRL, IITs. Critical for smart materials and advanced manufacturing questions.
Which step in semiconductor fabrication involves transferring circuit patterns onto silicon wafers?
- Etching
- Photolithography
- Deposition
- Doping
Answer: Photolithography
Photolithography uses light to transfer mask patterns onto photoresist-coated wafers, defining circuit features. Critical for miniaturization; EUV lithography enables sub-7nm nodes. Other steps: deposition (add layers), etching (remove material), doping (modify conductivity). Critical for chip manufacturing questions.