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Which visualization is best for comparing proportions of categories?
- Bar Chart
- Pie Chart
- Stacked Bar
- All of these
Answer: All of these
Proportion visualization: bar charts for clear comparison, pie charts for part-to-whole (limited categories), stacked bars for multiple groups. Choice depends on data and audience.
The technique that reduces model complexity to prevent overfitting is called ________.
Answer: Regularization
Regularization (L1/Lasso, L2/Ridge, Dropout) adds penalty terms to loss function or randomly drops units during training. Prevents overfitting by discouraging complex models. Critical for generalization.
Which pattern enables gradual traffic shifting between application versions for safe deployments?
- Blue-Green
- Canary
- Feature Flags
- All of these
Answer: All of these
Safe deployment patterns: blue-green (instant switch), canary (gradual rollout), feature flags (toggle functionality). Combined for zero-downtime, low-risk releases. Critical for DevOps practices.
Infrastructure as Code scanning tools detect security misconfigurations before deployment.
- True
- False
Answer: True
IaC scanners (Checkov, tfsec) analyze Terraform/CloudFormation for misconfigurations: public storage, weak IAM, unencrypted resources. Critical for shift-left security in DevOps.
Which storage class is most cost-effective for infrequently accessed archival data?
- Standard
- Infrequent Access
- Archive
- Glacier Deep Archive
Answer: Glacier Deep Archive
Glacier Deep Archive offers lowest cost for long-term retention with 12+ hour retrieval times. Ideal for regulatory archives, backups. Trade-off: low storage cost vs high retrieval latency.
The practice of simulating cyberattacks to test organizational defenses is called ________ Testing.
Answer: Red Team / Penetration
Red teaming conducts adversarial simulations (cyber, physical, social) to identify gaps in detection, response, and resilience. Distinct from vulnerability scanning. Critical for mature security programs.
Which technique identifies compromised accounts by analyzing login patterns and behaviors?
- UEBA
- SIEM
- EDR
- All of these
Answer: UEBA
UEBA (User and Entity Behavior Analytics) uses ML to establish behavioral baselines and detect anomalies indicating compromised accounts or insider threats. Critical for identity security.
Model registries track versions, metadata, and lineage of ML models for governance.
- True
- False
Answer: True
Model registries (MLflow, SageMaker) manage model versions, parameters, metrics, and deployment history. Enables auditability, reproducibility, and rollback. Critical for enterprise MLOps.
Which practice ensures ML models are tested for security vulnerabilities before deployment?
- Adversarial Testing
- Penetration Testing
- Both A and B
- Neither
Answer: Both A and B
ML security testing: adversarial examples test robustness, penetration testing finds implementation flaws. Critical for secure AI deployment in sensitive domains.
The technique that enables LLMs to reason about visual inputs by combining vision and language models is called ________.
Answer: Multimodal Learning
Multimodal models (CLIP, LLaVA) process text, images, audio jointly, enabling visual question answering, image captioning, and cross-modal retrieval. Critical for next-gen AI applications.
Knowledge distillation transfers capabilities from large teacher models to smaller student models.
- True
- False
Answer: True
Knowledge distillation trains compact models to mimic large teacher outputs, enabling efficient deployment on edge devices with minimal accuracy loss. Critical for scalable AI systems.
Which technique enables LLMs to generate code from natural language descriptions?
- Code LLMs
- Program Synthesis
- Both A and B
- Neither
Answer: Both A and B
Code LLMs (Codex, CodeLlama) trained on code corpora enable natural language to code generation. Program synthesis automates code creation from specifications. Critical for developer productivity tools.
The Digital Personal Data Protection Act 2023 applies extraterritorially to processing related to Indian individuals.
- True
- False
Answer: True
DPDP Act governs processing of digital personal data: (1) within India, and (2) outside India if offering goods/services or profiling individuals in India. Aligns with GDPR's extraterritorial scope.
Which body regulates telecommunications services and spectrum allocation in India?
- TRAI
- DoT
- TSDSI
- MeitY
Answer: TRAI
Telecom Regulatory Authority of India (TRAI) recommends policies, regulates tariffs, ensures QoS, and manages spectrum auctions. Critical for telecom sector governance questions.
The Indian initiative for promoting semiconductor manufacturing is called India ________ Mission.
Answer: Semiconductor
India Semiconductor Mission implements ₹76,000 crore incentive scheme for fabs, display fabs, ATMP, design. Partnerships with global players announced. Critical for tech sovereignty questions.
Which technique handles high-cardinality categorical variables efficiently?
- One-Hot Encoding
- Target Encoding
- Embedding Layers
- All of these
Answer: All of these
High-cardinality handling: one-hot for low cardinality, target encoding for medium, embeddings for high (deep learning). Choice depends on model type and cardinality. Critical for feature preprocessing.
Feature engineering creates new input variables from raw data to improve model performance.
- True
- False
Answer: True
Feature engineering: domain knowledge, transformations, interactions, encoding. Often more impactful than algorithm selection. Critical for successful machine learning projects.
Which metric measures the ability of a classifier to distinguish between classes?
- Accuracy
- Precision
- ROC-AUC
- F1 Score
Answer: ROC-AUC
ROC-AUC (Receiver Operating Characteristic - Area Under Curve) measures classifier performance across all thresholds, robust to class imbalance. Critical for evaluating binary classification models.
The technique that combines multiple models to improve prediction accuracy is called ________ Learning.
Answer: Ensemble
Ensemble methods (bagging, boosting, stacking) combine weak learners to reduce variance, bias, or improve predictions. Random Forests and Gradient Boosting are widely used ensemble techniques.
Which disaster recovery strategy maintains a fully operational standby environment in another region?
- Backup and Restore
- Pilot Light
- Warm Standby
- Multi-Site Active-Active
Answer: Multi-Site Active-Active
Active-active runs full workload in multiple regions simultaneously, enabling instant failover with zero RPO/RTO. Highest cost but maximum resilience. Critical for mission-critical systems.