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Serverless architectures eliminate the need for capacity planning and infrastructure management.
- True
- False
Answer: True
Serverless (Lambda, Cloud Functions) auto-scales based on demand, charges per execution. Trade-offs: cold starts, vendor lock-in, execution limits. Critical for cost-optimized cloud design.
Which cloud design pattern enables automatic recovery from instance failures?
- Self-Healing
- Circuit Breaker
- Retry Logic
- All of these
Answer: All of these
Resilience patterns: self-healing replaces failed instances, circuit breaker prevents cascading failures, retry logic handles transient errors. Combined for fault-tolerant cloud applications.
The international framework for responsible AI development adopted by India is called ________ AI Principles.
Answer: OECD
OECD AI Principles (2019) provide values-based guidelines: inclusive growth, human-centered values, transparency, robustness, accountability. India endorses for domestic policy alignment.
The National Cyber Security Strategy 2020 outlines India's approach to securing cyberspace.
- True
- False
Answer: True
National Cyber Security Strategy (draft) addresses: critical infrastructure protection, cyber diplomacy, capacity building, public-private partnerships. Foundation for India's cyber defense posture.
Which body regulates data protection and privacy in India?
- Data Protection Board
- CERT-In
- TRAI
- MeitY
Answer: Data Protection Board
Data Protection Board of India (under DPDP Act 2023) adjudicates disputes, imposes penalties, enforces compliance. Distinct from CERT-In (cyber incidents) and MeitY (policy).
The Indian initiative for promoting open-source software in government is called ________ Policy.
Answer: FOSS / Free and Open Source Software
MeitY's FOSS policy encourages government adoption of open-source for cost-effectiveness, security, and vendor independence. Critical for sustainable digital governance.
Which technique handles high-dimensional sparse data efficiently?
- Dimensionality Reduction
- Sparse Representations
- Both A and B
- Neither
Answer: Both A and B
High-dimensional handling: dimensionality reduction (PCA, autoencoders) compresses features; sparse representations (L1 regularization) select relevant features. Critical for text, recommendation systems.
Feature scaling ensures numerical features contribute equally to model training.
- True
- False
Answer: True
Feature scaling (standardization, normalization) prevents features with large ranges from dominating model learning. Critical for distance-based algorithms and gradient descent optimization.
Which visualization is best for showing trends over time?
- Line Chart
- Area Chart
- Both A and B
- Bar Chart
Answer: Both A and B
Time series visualization: line charts show trends clearly, area charts emphasize volume. Both effective for temporal data analysis and forecasting communication.
Which service enables serverless API management with authentication and rate limiting?
- API Gateway
- Cloud Endpoints
- Both A and B
- Neither
Answer: Both A and B
Managed API gateways (AWS API Gateway, GCP Endpoints) handle routing, auth, throttling, monitoring. Critical for secure, scalable microservices exposure.
The practice of proactively searching for threats that evade automated detection is called Threat ________.
Answer: Hunting
Threat hunting uses hypotheses, analytics, and analyst expertise to find hidden adversaries. Complements automated detection. Critical for advanced persistent threat defense.
Which technology provides centralized logging and analysis for security events?
- SIEM
- Log Management
- Both A and B
- Neither
Answer: Both A and B
SIEM platforms aggregate logs from network, endpoint, application sources, enabling correlation, alerting, and investigation. Foundation for modern security operations.
Continuous training automatically retrains models when performance degrades or new data arrives.
- True
- False
Answer: True
Continuous training pipelines monitor data drift, performance metrics, and trigger retraining with validation. Critical for maintaining ML system relevance in dynamic environments.
Which practice ensures ML models are tested for fairness across demographic groups?
- Bias Audits
- Fairness Metrics
- Both A and B
- Neither
Answer: Both A and B
Fairness testing: bias audits detect disparate impact, fairness metrics (demographic parity, equalized odds) quantify equity. Critical for ethical AI deployment in regulated sectors.
The technique that enables LLMs to generate code by learning from programming language corpora is called Code ________.
Answer: LLM / Generation
Code LLMs (Codex, CodeLlama) trained on code repositories enable natural language to code generation, debugging, and documentation. Critical for developer productivity tools.
Instruction tuning adapts LLMs to follow user instructions by training on prompt-response pairs.
- True
- False
Answer: True
Instruction tuning fine-tunes LLMs on datasets of instructions and desired responses, improving task completion and helpfulness. Foundation for chat-optimized models.
Which technique enables LLMs to answer questions by retrieving relevant passages from documents?
- Fine-tuning
- RAG
- Prompt Engineering
- All of these
Answer: RAG
Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) combines LLMs with vector search over document collections, grounding responses in verified sources. Reduces hallucinations and enables knowledge updates.
The international organization that develops global internet governance policies is called Internet ________.
Answer: Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers / ICANN
ICANN coordinates domain names, IP addresses, protocol parameters. Multi-stakeholder model ensures open, interoperable internet. India participates through government and civil society.
Which framework provides guidelines for interoperable digital public infrastructure globally?
- Digital Public Goods Alliance
- G20 DPI Framework
- Both A and B
- Neither
Answer: Both A and B
Digital Public Goods Alliance curates open-source solutions; G20 DPI Framework promotes interoperable identity, payments, data sharing. India leads global DPI advocacy.
Which initiative provides a unified interface for citizens to access government services?
- UMANG
- MyGov
- DigiLocker
- All of these
Answer: All of these
Digital India ecosystem: UMANG for service delivery, MyGov for citizen engagement, DigiLocker for documents. Integrated approach for inclusive digital governance.