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A security measure that converts sensitive data into a fixed-size string of characters, which cannot be reversed, is called ________.
Answer: Hashing
Hashing transforms input data of any size into a fixed-length hash value using algorithms like SHA-256 or MD5. It is one-way (irreversible), used for password storage, data integrity verification, and digital signatures. Unlike encryption, hashed data cannot be decrypted to original form.