Science – Hard Level – GK Questions

Finely divided iron with Mo promoter catalyzes N₂ + 3H₂ → 2NH₃ at high pressure/temperature. Haber process is crucial for fertilizer production. Important industrial application of transition metals. [[NCERT Chemistry Class 12]]

Montreal Protocol targets CFCs, halons, and other ODS to protect stratospheric ozone. It's considered one of the most successful environmental treaties. India ratified it in 1992. [[UNEP, NCERT Geography Class 11]]

Phenol forms colored complexes with FeCl₃ (violet for phenol), used as a test for phenolic -OH group. Alcohols do not give this test. Important for organic qualitative analysis. [[NCERT Chemistry Class 12]]

Diffraction is the bending of waves around obstacles or through openings, characteristic of wave behavior. Explains patterns in single-slit experiments. Important for wave optics. [[NCERT Physics Class 12]]

At dynamic equilibrium, forward and reverse rates are equal (not zero), so concentrations remain constant. Reactions continue but with no net change. Key concept in chemical kinetics. [[NCERT Chemistry Class 11]]

Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) and B-complex vitamins are water-soluble; excess is excreted in urine. Vitamins A, D, E, K are fat-soluble and stored in liver. Important for nutrition questions. [[NCERT Chemistry Class 12]]

While Bitcoin popularized blockchain, its applications include supply chain tracking, voting systems, healthcare records, and smart contracts. Decentralized ledger technology has broad utility. [[NITI Aayog Reports]]

EDTA (ethylenediaminetetraacetate) is a hexadentate ligand, forming six coordinate bonds with metal ions. Used in chelation therapy and water softening. Important for advanced chemistry. [[NCERT Chemistry Class 12]]

Van't Hoff approximation states reaction rate roughly doubles per 10°C temperature increase. Arrhenius equation gives precise temperature dependence. Important for kinetics problems. [[NCERT Chemistry Class 12]]

Einstein explained photoelectric effect using photons (light quanta), showing particle behavior. This contributed to quantum theory. Wave nature is shown by interference/diffraction. [[NCERT Physics Class 12]]

In galvanic (voltaic) cells: oxidation at anode (loss of e⁻), reduction at cathode (gain of e⁻). Mnemonic: 'AnOx RedCat'. Critical for electrochemistry problems. [[NCERT Chemistry Class 12]]

CRISPR-Cas9 allows precise modification of DNA sequences by cutting at targeted locations. It has applications in medicine, agriculture, and research. Emerging topic for science and tech sections. [[DBT Reports, NCERT Biology Class 12]]

Catalysts lower activation energy, speeding up reactions without being consumed. They provide alternative pathways. Enzymes are biological catalysts. Key concept in chemical kinetics. [[NCERT Chemistry Class 12]]

Covalent bonds involve electron sharing between non-metals (e.g., H₂O, CH₄). Ionic bonds transfer electrons (e.g., NaCl). Bond type determines compound properties. Advanced concept for competitive exams. [[NCERT Chemistry Class 11]]

Main ML types are supervised (labeled data), unsupervised (unlabeled patterns), and reinforcement (reward-based). 'Deterministic Learning' isn't a standard category; ML often deals with probabilistic outcomes. Emerging topic for tech-awareness sections. [[NITI Aayog Reports]]

Carboxylic acids contain the carboxyl group (-COOH), which imparts acidic properties. Examples include acetic acid (vinegar) and citric acid. This group is central to organic chemistry reactions and biochemistry. [[NCERT Chemistry Class 12]]

The second law states that entropy (disorder) of an isolated system never decreases; it either increases or remains constant. This explains irreversibility of natural processes and is fundamental in physics and engineering. [[NCERT Physics Class 11]]

Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is maternally inherited in humans. Sperm mitochondria are typically degraded after fertilization, so offspring inherit mtDNA exclusively from the mother. This is crucial for evolutionary studies and forensic analysis. [[NCERT Biology Class 12]]