GK Questions

Graphene is a single-atom-thick layer of carbon atoms in hexagonal lattice. Properties: 200x stronger than steel, excellent electrical/thermal conductivity, flexible. Applications: electronics, composites, energy storage, sensors. India has research initiatives at IITs and C-MET. Critical for materials science questions.

India Semiconductor Mission (under MeitY) implements ₹76,000 crore incentive scheme for fabs, display fabs, ATMP, and design. Partnerships with global players (TSMC, Micron) announced. Aims to build strategic self-reliance in critical electronics supply chain. Critical for industrial policy questions.

As of 2026, 3nm process node is in high-volume production (TSMC, Samsung) for flagship mobile and HPC chips. 2nm is in risk production with GAA transistors. India's semiconductor mission targets mature nodes (28nm-65nm) initially for strategic autonomy. Critical for understanding tech competitiveness questions.

IaC (Terraform), Configuration Management (Ansible), and GitOps all use version-controlled code to define infrastructure/app state. Enables: repeatability, auditability, peer review, and automated testing. Critical for modern DevOps practices and cloud operations questions.

Data Mesh treats data as a product: domain teams own data products, with self-serve infrastructure and federated governance. Addresses scalability limits of centralized data teams. Principles: domain ownership, data as product, self-serve platform, federated governance. Critical for modern data architecture questions.

ConfigMap stores configuration data (environment variables, config files) as key-value pairs for pods. Secret is for sensitive data (base64-encoded); PersistentVolume for storage; Namespace for resource isolation. Critical for Kubernetes configuration management questions.

Data Classification categorizes data (Public, Internal, Confidential, Restricted) to apply appropriate security controls: encryption, access restrictions, retention policies. Foundation of data protection programs. Critical for compliance (DPDP, GDPR) and information security questions.

Section 66 prescribes punishment (up to 3 years + fine) for computer-related offenses: unauthorized access, data theft, introducing viruses. Section 43 covers civil liability; 66C is identity theft; 67 is obscene content. Critical for cyber law awareness in exams.

GitOps (ArgoCD, Flux) declaratively defines desired state in Git; operators sync cluster state to match. Benefits: audit trail, rollback via git revert, peer review via PRs. Critical for modern cloud-native deployment practices and infrastructure management questions.

Validity ensures data conforms to business rules, formats, and value ranges (e.g., email format, date ranges). Other dimensions: Accuracy (correctness), Completeness (no missing values), Consistency (across systems). Critical for data governance and quality management questions.

kube-scheduler assigns pods to nodes based on resource requests, constraints (node selectors, taints), and policies. Works with kubelet (node agent) and API server. Critical for understanding Kubernetes control plane architecture in cloud exams.

Homomorphic Encryption allows computations on ciphertext, producing encrypted results that decrypt to correct output. Enables privacy-preserving cloud analytics, secure voting, and confidential AI. Still computationally intensive but advancing with research. Critical for privacy-enhancing technologies.

Digital India Act (proposed) aims to address: platform accountability, user rights, emerging tech governance, and algorithmic transparency. Complements DPDP Act and IT Rules. Critical for understanding India's evolving digital regulatory framework in policy exams.

Terraform (HashiCorp) uses HCL declarative language to provision cloud resources across providers (AWS, Azure, GCP). Supports state management, modules, and plan/apply workflow. Ansible is configuration management; Jenkins is CI/CD; Docker is containerization. Critical for IaC questions.

Serverless query engines (AWS Athena, Google BigQuery) enable SQL queries directly on data in object storage (S3, GCS) using schema-on-read. Eliminates ETL for ad-hoc analysis. Pay-per-query pricing. Critical for modern data lake architecture questions.

Canary Release deploys new version to small user subset (canary group), monitors metrics, and gradually expands if stable. Reduces risk vs big-bang releases. Implemented via service mesh, load balancers, or feature flags. Critical for safe deployment strategies.

Authenticator apps (Google Authenticator, Authy) generate TOTP locally, immune to SIM swapping, SS7 attacks, and phishing that compromise SMS OTP. NIST recommends moving away from SMS for high-security applications. Critical for authentication best practices questions.

Data Protection Board of India is independent regulatory body established under DPDP Act 2023 to: adjudicate disputes, impose penalties, and enforce compliance. Distinct from CERT-In (cyber incidents) and MeitY (policy). Critical for data governance questions.

Chaos Engineering (Netflix Chaos Monkey) proactively tests system resilience by injecting failures (network latency, instance termination) in controlled experiments. Builds confidence in fault tolerance. Requires monitoring, blast radius limits, and automated rollback. Critical for SRE practices.

Star Schema (data warehousing) uses denormalized fact tables linked to dimension tables for fast analytical queries. Optimizes read performance at cost of storage redundancy. Contrasts with 3NF (normalized for OLTP). Critical for BI and analytics architecture questions.