GK Questions

TSN (IEEE 802.1) extends Ethernet for real-time control: time synchronization, traffic shaping, redundancy. Critical for Industry 4.0, autonomous vehicles, and critical infrastructure.

KAPILA (Knowledge Assessment and Processing for Innovation and IPR Literacy Awareness) and Innovation Ambassador program build IP culture in HEIs. Critical for academic innovation questions.

DILRMP digitizes land records, integrates with Aadhaar, enables online mutation, and reduces disputes. Critical for property rights, credit access, and governance transparency.

Differential Privacy adds noise to aggregates; Federated Learning trains models on-device; SMPC computes jointly without sharing inputs. All enable privacy-preserving analytics. Critical for confidential data science questions.

Confidential Computing (Intel SGX, AMD SEV) encrypts data in memory during processing, protecting from OS/hypervisor attacks. Critical for multi-tenant cloud and privacy-sensitive workloads.

NIST SP 800-161 and ISO 27036 provide frameworks for supply chain risk management: vendor assessment, contract clauses, continuous monitoring. Critical for third-party risk governance questions.

Digital Public Goods (UN definition) are open solutions addressing SDGs: health, education, finance. India contributes: MOSIP (identity), Sunbird (education), DIVOC (vaccination). Critical for global development questions.

PMP (PMI) covers traditional project management; PRINCE2 is process-based; Agile/Scrum certifications focus on iterative delivery. All valued for tech project leadership roles.

API Gateway abstracts microservices complexity: request routing, authentication, rate limiting, caching, monitoring. Critical for secure, manageable microservices architectures.

Caching (Redis, Memcached) stores hot data in RAM for sub-millisecond access, reducing database load. Critical for high-traffic applications. Trade-offs: cache invalidation, consistency.

P4 (Programming Protocol-Independent Packet Processors) enables custom packet processing logic in switches/routers. Supports innovation in telemetry, security, and traffic engineering. Critical for next-gen network research questions.

FFS (₹10,000 crore) managed by SIDBI invests in AIFs that fund startups. Focuses on innovation, job creation, strategic sectors. Part of Startup India ecosystem support.

Digital India (launched 2015) has three pillars: digital infrastructure as utility, governance & services on demand, digital empowerment of citizens. Encompasses Aadhaar, UPI, DigiLocker, BharatNet, etc.

Anonymization irreversibly removes/alters PII to prevent re-identification. Techniques: k-anonymity, l-diversity, differential privacy. Critical for privacy-preserving analytics and GDPR/DPDP compliance.

End-to-end encryption protects data throughout lifecycle: at rest (storage), in transit (network), in use (processing via confidential computing). Critical for data protection and compliance questions.

IEC 62443 provides cybersecurity standards for industrial automation and control systems (IACS). Addresses OT-specific threats: safety, availability, integrity. Critical for critical infrastructure protection questions.

Geopolitical tensions and pandemic disruptions drove policies: US CHIPS Act, EU Chips Act, India Semiconductor Mission. Aim to reduce concentration risk and ensure strategic autonomy. Critical for tech geopolitics questions.

DevOps Engineers use IaC (Terraform, Ansible), CI/CD, and monitoring to automate infrastructure. Critical for cloud operations and agile delivery. High demand in Indian tech sector.

CQRS separates read (query) and write (command) models, enabling independent scaling, optimization, and consistency models. Often combined with Event Sourcing. Critical for high-performance systems design.

ACID (Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, Durability) guarantees reliable transaction processing. Critical for banking, inventory, and other mission-critical applications. NoSQL may relax ACID for scalability.