GK Questions

Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) combines LLMs with vector database retrieval, grounding responses in verified sources. Reduces hallucinations and enables knowledge updates without retraining.

W3C develops web standards: HTML, CSS, XML, accessibility guidelines. Ensures interoperability and innovation on the web. India participates through W3C India office. Critical for web policy questions.

ISO/IEC 24760 provides identity management framework; W3C DID enables decentralized identifiers. Both support interoperable, privacy-preserving digital identity systems. Critical for identity policy questions.

Data localization (RBI payment data, DPDP Act provisions) ensures law enforcement access, reduces foreign surveillance risks. Balances sovereignty with global data flow needs. Critical for policy questions.

Digital India encourages FOSS adoption for cost-effectiveness, security, and vendor independence. MeitY's FOSS policy provides guidelines for government use. Critical for sustainable digital governance.

#AIforAll strategy (NITI Aayog) focuses on leveraging AI for inclusive growth across healthcare, agriculture, education. Emphasizes research, skilling, data governance, and ethical principles.

SMOTE (Synthetic Minority Over-sampling Technique) creates synthetic examples by interpolating between minority class neighbors. Improves classifier performance on imbalanced data vs simple oversampling.

XAI methods (SHAP, LIME, attention visualization) provide interpretable explanations for AI decisions. Critical for regulated sectors (finance, healthcare) and user acceptance.

Scatter plots display individual data points for two variables, revealing correlations, clusters, and outliers. Foundation for regression analysis and exploratory data science.

F1 Score = 2 * (Precision * Recall) / (Precision + Recall). Harmonic mean balancing false positives and false negatives. Critical for evaluating models on imbalanced datasets.

Data splitting strategies: holdout (simple split), cross-validation (multiple folds), bootstrap (resampling). Critical for reliable model evaluation and generalization assessment.

Serverless (Lambda, Cloud Functions) uses pay-per-execution pricing, auto-scaling from zero. Trade-offs: cold starts, execution limits, vendor lock-in. Critical for cost-optimized cloud architectures.

Event-driven architecture uses message brokers (Kafka, RabbitMQ) for asynchronous, decoupled service communication. Enables scalability, resilience, and real-time processing. Critical for modern distributed systems.

Multi-AZ deployment distributes resources across physically separate data centers within a region, protecting against zone failures. Critical for business continuity and SLA compliance.

CaaS (Container as a Service) provides managed Kubernetes (EKS, AKS, GKE) for container deployment, scaling, and management. Abstracts infrastructure while retaining control. Critical for cloud-native development.

Deception deploys fake assets (servers, credentials) to lure attackers, enabling early detection and threat intelligence. Critical for proactive defense against advanced adversaries.

Malware analysis combines: static (code inspection), dynamic (runtime behavior), sandboxing (isolated execution). Critical for threat intelligence and incident response.

MITRE ATT&CK matrix catalogs adversary TTPs across enterprise, cloud, mobile. Enables threat-informed defense, detection engineering, and red teaming. Critical for mature security operations.

Anomaly detection establishes baselines of normal behavior and flags deviations, enabling zero-day threat detection. Critical for advanced threat protection in modern SOCs.

Feature stores (Feast, Tecton) manage feature engineering, versioning, and serving, preventing training-serving skew. Critical for reliable ML system performance in production.