GK Questions

Time series visualization: line charts show trends clearly, area charts emphasize volume. Both effective for temporal data analysis and forecasting communication.

Managed API gateways (AWS API Gateway, GCP Endpoints) handle routing, auth, throttling, monitoring. Critical for secure, scalable microservices exposure.

Threat hunting uses hypotheses, analytics, and analyst expertise to find hidden adversaries. Complements automated detection. Critical for advanced persistent threat defense.

SIEM platforms aggregate logs from network, endpoint, application sources, enabling correlation, alerting, and investigation. Foundation for modern security operations.

Continuous training pipelines monitor data drift, performance metrics, and trigger retraining with validation. Critical for maintaining ML system relevance in dynamic environments.

Fairness testing: bias audits detect disparate impact, fairness metrics (demographic parity, equalized odds) quantify equity. Critical for ethical AI deployment in regulated sectors.

Code LLMs (Codex, CodeLlama) trained on code repositories enable natural language to code generation, debugging, and documentation. Critical for developer productivity tools.

Instruction tuning fine-tunes LLMs on datasets of instructions and desired responses, improving task completion and helpfulness. Foundation for chat-optimized models.

Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) combines LLMs with vector search over document collections, grounding responses in verified sources. Reduces hallucinations and enables knowledge updates.

ICANN coordinates domain names, IP addresses, protocol parameters. Multi-stakeholder model ensures open, interoperable internet. India participates through government and civil society.

Digital Public Goods Alliance curates open-source solutions; G20 DPI Framework promotes interoperable identity, payments, data sharing. India leads global DPI advocacy.

Digital India ecosystem: UMANG for service delivery, MyGov for citizen engagement, DigiLocker for documents. Integrated approach for inclusive digital governance.

NM-ICPS (DST) funds R&D in AI, IoT, robotics, quantum technologies. Aims to build indigenous capabilities and innovation ecosystem. Critical for strategic technology questions.

Model-based imputation (MICE, Bayesian) models relationships between variables to predict missing values, accounting for uncertainty. More robust than simple methods for complex missingness patterns.

Hyperparameter tuning: grid search, random search, Bayesian optimization. Critical for maximizing model performance but requires careful validation to avoid overfitting.

Box plots show median, quartiles, outliers; violin plots add density estimation. Both effective for comparing distributions across categories. Critical for exploratory data analysis.

Stratified sampling maintains class proportions in train/test splits, critical for imbalanced classification tasks. Prevents evaluation bias from skewed splits.

Event-driven architecture uses message brokers (Kafka, RabbitMQ) for decoupled, asynchronous service communication. Enables scalability, resilience, and real-time processing.

CDNs (CloudFront, Cloud CDN) distribute content to edge locations near users, reducing latency and origin load. Critical for global application performance and user experience.

Managed databases (AWS RDS, GCP Cloud SQL) handle provisioning, patching, backups, scaling. Reduces operational overhead vs self-managed databases. Critical for cloud application development.