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The voting age was reduced from 21 to 18 years by the ______ Constitutional Amendment Act, 1988.
Answer: 61st
The 61st Constitutional Amendment Act, 1988 amended Article 326 to reduce the voting age for Lok Sabha and State Legislative Assembly elections from 21 to 18 years. This was aimed at empowering youth and increasing democratic participation. It came into effect in 1989.
The Right to Privacy is explicitly mentioned as a Fundamental Right in the text of the Indian Constitution.
- True
- False
Answer: False
The Right to Privacy is not explicitly mentioned in the Constitution's text. However, in the landmark Justice K.S. Puttaswamy v. Union of India case (2017), a nine-judge bench of the Supreme Court unanimously held that Right to Privacy is an intrinsic part of Right to Life and Personal Liberty under Article 21, and thus a Fundamental Right.
Which Schedule of the Constitution contains the list of States and Union Territories of India?
- First Schedule
- Second Schedule
- Third Schedule
- Fifth Schedule
Answer: First Schedule
The First Schedule of the Constitution lists the States and Union Territories of India along with their territorial jurisdictions. It is amended whenever there is reorganization of States (e.g., creation of Telangana in 2014) or changes in Union Territory status.
What is the maximum gap allowed between two sessions of Parliament?
- 3 months
- 4 months
- 6 months
- 1 year
Answer: 6 months
Article 85 states that the President shall summon each House of Parliament to meet such that six months shall not intervene between its last sitting in one session and the date appointed for its first sitting in the next session. This ensures parliamentary accountability and regular legislative business.
The Right to Education under Article 21A is available to children in the age group of ______ years.
Answer: 6 to 14
Article 21A, inserted by the 86th Amendment Act, 2002, makes education a Fundamental Right for children aged 6 to 14 years. The State is obligated to provide free and compulsory education to this age group. This was operationalized through the Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education (RTE) Act, 2009.
The Directive Principles of State Policy were inspired by the Irish Constitution.
- True
- False
Answer: True
The Directive Principles of State Policy (Part IV) were indeed borrowed from the Irish Constitution (Bunreacht na hÉireann), which itself was influenced by Spanish constitutional principles. The Indian Constitution adapted these principles to suit India's socio-economic context and development goals.
All constitutional amendments require ratification by at least half of the State Legislatures.
- True
- False
Answer: False
Only amendments that affect federal structure or State interests (e.g., election of President, extent of executive power of Union/States, Supreme Court/High Courts, distribution of legislative powers, representation of States in Parliament, Article 368 itself) require ratification by at least half of State Legislatures. Other amendments need only special majority in Parliament.
Which Article prohibits trafficking in human beings and forced labour?
- Article 21
- Article 22
- Article 23
- Article 24
Answer: Article 23
Article 23 prohibits trafficking in human beings, begar (forced labour), and other similar forms of forced labour. Any contravention is punishable by law. Article 24 separately prohibits employment of children below 14 years in factories, mines, or hazardous occupations.
The Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG) of India is appointed by the ______ and can be removed only in the manner similar to a ______.
Answer: President, Supreme Court Judge
The CAG is appointed by the President under Article 148. For removal, Article 148(1) states that the CAG can be removed only on the grounds and in the manner provided for the removal of a Supreme Court Judge (i.e., by Presidential order after an address by both Houses of Parliament supported by special majority on grounds of proved misbehavior or incapacity).
A Money Bill can be introduced in the Parliament only with the prior recommendation of:
- Speaker of Lok Sabha
- President of India
- Prime Minister
- Finance Minister
Answer: President of India
Under Article 117, a Money Bill (dealing with taxation, government expenditure, etc.) can be introduced in Lok Sabha only with the prior recommendation of the President. Additionally, Money Bills can only be introduced in Lok Sabha (not Rajya Sabha), and Rajya Sabha has limited powers over them (can only recommend changes within 14 days).
The Supreme Court of India has the power of judicial review over constitutional amendments.
- True
- False
Answer: True
Following the Kesavananda Bharati judgment (1973) and subsequent cases like Minerva Mills (1980), the Supreme Court has the power of judicial review over constitutional amendments. It can strike down amendments that violate the 'basic structure' of the Constitution, even if passed with the required majority under Article 368.
The 'Basic Structure Doctrine' of the Constitution was propounded by the Supreme Court in which landmark case?
- Golaknath Case (1967)
- Kesavananda Bharati Case (1973)
- Minerva Mills Case (1980)
- S.R. Bommai Case (1994)
Answer: Kesavananda Bharati Case (1973)
The Basic Structure Doctrine was established in the landmark Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala case (1973). The Supreme Court held that while Parliament has power to amend the Constitution under Article 368, it cannot alter the 'basic structure' or essential features of the Constitution (e.g., supremacy of Constitution, secularism, federalism, judicial review).
Fundamental Rights under the Indian Constitution are absolute and cannot be restricted under any circumstances.
- True
- False
Answer: False
Fundamental Rights are not absolute. Most rights can be restricted by the State under reasonable restrictions specified in the Constitution itself (e.g., Article 19 allows restrictions on freedom of speech in interests of sovereignty, security, public order, etc.). Some rights can also be suspended during a National Emergency (except Articles 20 and 21).
Which Article of the Constitution directs the State to secure a Uniform Civil Code for citizens throughout India?
- Article 40
- Article 44
- Article 48
- Article 50
Answer: Article 44
Article 44, a Directive Principle of State Policy, directs the State to secure for citizens a Uniform Civil Code throughout the territory of India. It aims to replace personal laws based on religion with a common set of laws governing marriage, divorce, inheritance, and adoption for all citizens.
The Finance Commission is constituted by the President under Article ______ of the Constitution.
Answer: 280
Article 280 provides for the constitution of a Finance Commission by the President every five years (or earlier). The Commission recommends the distribution of tax revenues between the Union and States, and among States themselves, and principles governing grants-in-aid to States.
The Rajya Sabha is a permanent House and cannot be dissolved.
- True
- False
Answer: True
Rajya Sabha is a permanent House under Article 83; it is not subject to dissolution. However, one-third of its members retire every two years, and fresh elections are held for those seats. This ensures continuity in the Upper House while allowing periodic renewal of membership.
Which Fundamental Right was described by Dr. Ambedkar as the 'heart and soul' of the Constitution?
- Right to Equality
- Right to Freedom
- Right against Exploitation
- Right to Constitutional Remedies
Answer: Right to Constitutional Remedies
Dr. B.R. Ambedkar described Article 32 (Right to Constitutional Remedies) as the 'heart and soul' of the Constitution because it provides the mechanism for enforcement of all other Fundamental Rights. Without this right, other rights would be meaningless as there would be no remedy for their violation.
How many languages are currently included in the Eighth Schedule of the Indian Constitution?
- 18
- 20
- 22
- 24
Answer: 22
The Eighth Schedule originally had 14 languages. Through various amendments (71st, 92nd, and 96th), four more languages were added: Konkani, Manipuri, Nepali (1992); Bodo, Dogri, Maithili, Santhali (2003); making the total 22 scheduled languages. [[3]][[14]]
The President of India can be impeached for 'violation of the Constitution' under which Article?
- Article 60
- Article 61
- Article 65
- Article 72
Answer: Article 61
Article 61 lays down the procedure for impeachment of the President. Charges can be initiated in either House of Parliament, require a 14-day notice, and must be passed by a two-thirds majority of the total membership of that House. The other House then investigates the charges.
The 73rd and 74th Constitutional Amendment Acts provided constitutional status to Panchayati Raj Institutions and Urban Local Bodies respectively.
- True
- False
Answer: True
The 73rd Amendment Act, 1992 added Part IX to the Constitution for Panchayats (rural local self-government), and the 74th Amendment Act, 1992 added Part IXA for Municipalities (urban local self-government). Both amendments gave constitutional status, mandatory elections, reservation provisions, and financial devolution to local bodies.