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The Constitution (104th Amendment) Act, 2019 extended reservation for SCs/STs in Lok Sabha and State Assemblies till 2030, but omitted reservation for the ______ community in legislatures.
- Scheduled Castes
- Scheduled Tribes
- Anglo-Indian
- Other Backward Classes
Answer: Anglo-Indian
104th Amendment (2019): (a) Extended SC/ST reservation in Lok Sabha (Article 330) and State Assemblies (Article 332) till 2030 (originally 10 years, extended repeatedly), (b) Omitted Article 331 (President's power to nominate 2 Anglo-Indian members to Lok Sabha) and Article 333 (Governor's power to nominate 1 Anglo-Indian member to State Assembly). Rationale: Anglo-Indian community's distinct identity has diminished; reservation based on social/educational backwardness principle. Controversial but constitutionally valid.
The Constitution (103rd Amendment) Act, 2019 provides 10% reservation for Economically Weaker Sections (EWS) in education and public employment, excluding those already covered under SC/ST/OBC reservations.
- True
- False
Answer: True
103rd Amendment (2019): Inserted Article 15(6) and 16(6) enabling 10% reservation for EWS among forward castes (not covered under Articles 15(4), 15(5), 16(4)). Criteria: Family income < ₹8 lakh/year, plus other economic/educational indicators. Supreme Court upheld amendment in Janhit Abhiyan case (2022) by 3:2 majority, holding: (a) EWS classification based on economic criteria is valid, (b) 50% ceiling (Indra Sawhney) not inflexible, (c) Exclusion of SC/ST/OBC from EWS quota permissible as they already have separate reservations.
The Mahatma Gandhi NREGA, 2005 mandates ______ of works by Gram Sabhas to ensure transparency and accountability in implementation, reflecting Constitutional Morality's emphasis on participatory governance.
- financial audit
- social audit
- judicial review
- executive monitoring
Answer: social audit
MGNREGA and social audit: Section 17 mandates social audit of all projects by Gram Sabha. Process: (a) Public verification of records, expenditure, beneficiary selection, (b) Gram Sabha discussion and approval, (c) Action on findings. Empowers citizens (especially marginalized) to monitor implementation, detect corruption, ensure accountability. Constitutional Morality requires governance to be participatory, transparent, and responsive to citizens' needs, not just top-down administration.
Public Interest Litigation (PIL) promotes ethical governance by enabling courts to address systemic violations of rights affecting marginalized groups. Which case pioneered PIL in India?
- Kesavananda Bharati case (1973)
- S.P. Gupta case (1981)
- Vishaka case (1997)
- Bandhua Mukti Morcha case (1984)
Answer: S.P. Gupta case (1981)
S.P. Gupta v. Union of India (First Judges Case, 1981): SC relaxed locus standi rule, allowing any public-spirited person to file petition for enforcement of rights of persons unable to approach court due to poverty, ignorance, or social disadvantage. PIL transformed judicial role: (a) From dispute resolution to social justice delivery, (b) Enabled courts to address prison conditions, environmental degradation, bonded labour, etc. Constitutional Morality requires judiciary to be accessible to all, especially the marginalized.
The Supreme Court has interpreted Article 21 (right to life) to include the right to a clean and healthy environment, reflecting Constitutional Morality's concern for ______ justice.
- procedural
- intergenerational
- retributive
- corrective
Answer: intergenerational
Environmental jurisprudence and Constitutional Morality: (a) Subhash Kumar v. State of Bihar (1991): Right to pollution-free water/air part of Article 21, (b) MC Mehta cases: Absolute liability for hazardous industries, (c) Intergenerational equity: Present generation holds environment in trust for future generations (principle in Sustainable Development). Constitutional Morality requires State to balance development with environmental protection, ensuring justice across generations.
The Right to Information Act, 2005 operationalizes the constitutional value of transparency by enabling citizens to seek information from public authorities, thereby promoting ______ governance.
- secretive
- accountable
- centralized
- discretionary
Answer: accountable
RTI Act and accountable governance: (a) Enables citizens to access government information (Section 3), (b) Mandates proactive disclosure by public authorities (Section 4), (c) Provides appeal mechanism through Information Commissions (Sections 15-16), (d) Penalizes non-compliance (Section 20). Transparency reduces corruption, enables informed public participation, strengthens democratic accountability. Constitutional Morality requires State to facilitate, not obstruct, citizens' right to know.
Which constitutional provision implicitly requires civil servants to maintain political neutrality by placing them under the control of the elected executive?
- Article 309
- Article 311
- Article 312
- Article 320
Answer: Article 309
Article 309: Parliament/State Legislature may regulate recruitment and conditions of service of persons serving Union/States. Subject to this, President/Governor make rules. Civil services (IAS, IPS, etc.) serve under elected governments; expected to implement policies impartially regardless of political affiliation. All India Services Rules, Conduct Rules enforce neutrality. Balance: Professional advice to political masters while maintaining constitutional loyalty over partisan loyalty.
Constitutional Morality requires respect for the principle of ______, meaning each organ of the State (legislature, executive, judiciary) must function within its constitutional domain without encroaching on others.
- collective responsibility
- separation of powers
- parliamentary supremacy
- executive privilege
Answer: separation of powers
Separation of Powers (implicit in Indian Constitution; not rigid like USA): (a) Legislature makes laws, (b) Executive implements laws, (c) Judiciary interprets laws and checks constitutionality. Constitutional Morality requires: (a) Courts don't usurp policy-making (judicial restraint), (b) Executive respects judicial orders, (c) Legislature doesn't override judicial review. Balance enables checks and balances while ensuring functional coordination for governance.
The Supreme Court has adopted a 'Charter of Judicial Ethics' that is legally enforceable and violations can lead to removal of judges.
- True
- False
Answer: False
Restatement of Values of Judicial Life (1999): Adopted by Supreme Court as ethical guidelines for judges (independence, integrity, impartiality, etc.). However, it is NOT legally enforceable; violations addressed through: (a) In-house procedure for minor misconduct, (b) Impeachment under Article 124(4) for proved misbehaviour (complex Parliamentary process). Debate continues on strengthening judicial accountability while preserving independence.
Under the Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act, 2013, the Prime Minister is brought under Lokpal's jurisdiction with exceptions relating to allegations concerning international relations, public order, and ______.
- economic policy
- atomic energy and space
- administrative efficiency
- personnel matters
Answer: atomic energy and space
Lokpal Act, 2013: PM under jurisdiction but with safeguards: (a) No inquiry into allegations relating to international relations, external security, public order, atomic energy, space, (b) Inquiry requires approval of full bench of Lokpal, (c) Proceedings held in camera, (d) Frivolous complaints dismissed. Balances accountability of highest office with practical governance needs in sensitive strategic areas.
Constitutional Morality requires that all state action must comply with the principle of ______, meaning no one is above the law and all actions must have legal authority.
- separation of powers
- rule of law
- parliamentary sovereignty
- executive discretion
Answer: rule of law
Rule of Law (A.V. Dicey; embedded in Indian Constitution): Core elements: (a) Supremacy of law over arbitrary power, (b) Equality before law (Article 14), (c) Predominance of legal spirit (judicial review). Constitutional Morality operationalizes rule of law: executive actions must have legal basis, laws must comply with Constitution, courts must check excesses. Foundation of accountable, predictable governance.
Under the Representation of People Act, 1951, candidates for Parliament and State Legislatures must declare their assets and liabilities while filing nomination papers.
- True
- False
Answer: True
Section 33A, R.P. Act (inserted per ADR case, 2002): Candidates must file affidavit with Returning Officer disclosing: (a) Criminal cases pending, (b) Assets/liabilities of candidate and spouse, (c) Educational qualification. Affidavits made public on ECI website. Aims to promote transparency, enable voter scrutiny, deter corruption. However, verification and enforcement of disclosures remain challenges.
The Whistle Blowers Protection Act, ______ provides legal protection to persons exposing corruption or misuse of power by public servants.
- 2011
- 2014
- 2016
- 2019
Answer: 2014
Whistle Blowers Protection Act, 2014: Aims to: (a) Protect persons making public interest disclosures about corruption, misuse of power, criminal offences by public servants, (b) Provide mechanism for inquiry into disclosures, (c) Penalize victimization of whistle blowers. However, not fully notified due to debates on national security exemptions. Highlights tension between transparency/accountability and legitimate confidentiality in governance.
Which body is responsible for enforcing the Code of Conduct for Union Ministers in India?
- Supreme Court
- Prime Minister's Office
- Central Vigilance Commission
- Parliamentary Committee on Ethics
Answer: Prime Minister's Office
Code of Conduct for Union Ministers (1964, revised): Sets ethical standards: (a) No use of official position for personal gain, (b) Avoid conflict of interest, (c) Declare assets, (d) Post-retirement employment restrictions. Enforced by PMO; violations can lead to resignation/removal. Similar codes exist for State Ministers, civil servants. However, enforcement depends on political will; debate continues on independent ethics oversight mechanism.
Article ______ of the Constitution requires Ministers to take an oath to bear true faith and allegiance to the Constitution and to uphold the sovereignty and integrity of India.
- 75
- 164
- Third Schedule
- Both (a) and (b)
Answer: Third Schedule
Third Schedule: Contains forms of oaths/affirmations for constitutional functionaries. Article 75(4) (Union Ministers) and Article 164(3) (State Ministers) require oath as per Third Schedule. Oath includes: (a) Bear true faith to Constitution, (b) Uphold sovereignty and integrity of India, (c) Faithfully discharge duties, (d) Maintain confidentiality. Formalizes ethical commitment of public office holders to constitutional values.
The concept of 'Constitutional Morality' in Indian jurisprudence emphasizes adherence to:
- Only the literal text of the Constitution
- Core constitutional values like liberty, equality, fraternity, and rule of law
- Majority opinion in Parliament
- Traditional social customs
Answer: Core constitutional values like liberty, equality, fraternity, and rule of law
Constitutional Morality (articulated in Navtej Singh Johar, 2018 and other cases): Means fidelity to constitutional values beyond mere legal compliance. Includes: (a) Respect for pluralism and diversity, (b) Protection of minority rights against majoritarian impulses, (c) Commitment to rule of law over rule of men, (d) Balance between individual liberty and social responsibility. Guides interpretation of constitutional provisions in evolving societal context.
In the Indian Constitution, residuary powers (subjects not in any List) are vested with the ______, whereas in the US Constitution, they are vested with the States.
- Supreme Court
- Union Government
- State Governments
- President
Answer: Union Government
Residuary powers comparison: (a) India: Article 248 - Parliament has exclusive power to make laws on residuary subjects; includes power to impose residuary taxes. Gives Indian federalism unitary bias, (b) USA: 10th Amendment - Powers not delegated to US nor prohibited to States are reserved to States or people. Reflects US federalism's State autonomy tradition. India's design prioritizes national unity and coordinated development in diverse, post-Partition context.
Fundamental Duties were added to the Indian Constitution by the 42nd Amendment, inspired by similar provisions in the Constitution of the ______.
- USA
- UK
- Soviet Union
- France
Answer: Soviet Union
Fundamental Duties comparison: (a) India: Article 51A (11 duties) added by 42nd Amendment (1976), inspired by USSR Constitution, (b) Other democracies: Most (USA, UK, Canada) don't have codified citizen duties in Constitution; duties implied through laws/citizenship oaths. Indian approach: Rights and duties are correlative; duties promote responsible citizenship, national unity, environmental protection. However, duties are non-justiciable; enforcement through moral/political pressure, not courts.
Both India and USA follow the principle of constitutional supremacy where the Constitution is the supreme law and ordinary laws inconsistent with it are void.
- True
- False
Answer: True
Constitutional supremacy: (a) India: Article 13 declares laws inconsistent with Fundamental Rights void; Supreme Court exercises judicial review (Kesavananda Bharati), (b) USA: Supremacy Clause (Article VI) establishes Constitution as supreme law; Marbury v. Madison (1803) established judicial review. Contrast with UK: Parliamentary sovereignty - Parliament can make/unmake any law; courts cannot strike down Acts of Parliament. Constitutional supremacy protects fundamental values from transient legislative majorities.
Unlike the US Senate where members are directly elected, members of Rajya Sabha are elected by ______ using proportional representation.
- citizens directly
- State Legislative Assemblies
- Electoral College
- President
Answer: State Legislative Assemblies
Upper House comparison: (a) US Senate: 100 members (2 per State), directly elected by citizens, 6-year term, equal State representation regardless of population, (b) Indian Rajya Sabha: Max 250 members (238 elected + 12 nominated), elected by State Legislative Assemblies via proportional representation, 6-year term with 1/3 retiring every 2 years, representation based on State population. Rajya Sabha represents States in federal structure; Senate represents States as equal sovereign entities.