Medium Level – GK Questions

Renewable integration combines SCADA for control, IoT sensors for real-time data, AI forecasting for generation prediction. Critical for grid stability with high renewable penetration.

Shukrayaan-1 is India's planned Venus orbiter mission (target launch ~2028) to study the planet's thick atmosphere, surface processes, and solar wind interactions.

Ka-band (26.5-40 GHz) offers high bandwidth for satellite broadband but susceptible to rain attenuation. Requires adaptive coding and ground station diversity.

Data Protection Board of India is independent regulatory body established under DPDP Act 2023 to adjudicate disputes, impose penalties, enforce compliance.

DPDP Act governs processing of digital personal data: (1) within India, and (2) outside India if offering goods/services or profiling individuals in India.

Model inversion exploits model predictions to infer sensitive training data attributes. Mitigation: differential privacy, output perturbation, access controls. Critical for privacy-preserving ML.

Active-active architecture runs full workload in multiple regions simultaneously, enabling instant failover with zero RPO/RTO. Critical for mission-critical systems requiring maximum resilience.

Security Breach is an incident where unauthorized access, disclosure, alteration, or destruction of data occurs. Requires immediate containment, investigation, notification (as per laws like DPDP Act 2023), and remediation. Prevention: defense-in-depth, monitoring, incident response planning, and employee training.

Inkjet printers spray tiny ink droplets without physical contact with paper (non-impact). Laser printers use toner and electrostatic charges. Impact printers (Dot Matrix, Daisy Wheel, Line) strike ribbon against paper, producing noise but capable of multi-part forms. Inkjet/Laser dominate home/office use.

UPI Lite is an on-device wallet for small transactions (up to ₹500 per transaction, ₹4000 daily balance). Allows PIN-less payments for quick checkout at merchants, reducing dependency on bank server availability. Balance is loaded from linked bank account; ideal for transit, food, and micro-payments.

Collaborative Filtering recommends items by analyzing patterns from similar users (user-based) or similar items (item-based). Used by Amazon, Netflix, Spotify. Hybrid systems combine with content-based filtering. Privacy-preserving techniques like federated learning are emerging to protect user data while personalizing recommendations.

SDSC-SHAR (Satish Dhawan Space Centre - Sriharikota) is ISRO's primary launch port in Andhra Pradesh. Handles all satellite and human spaceflight launches from Indian soil. Named after former ISRO chairman. Strategic coastal location enables safe launch trajectories over Bay of Bengal.

Network Slicing in 5G allows operators to create multiple virtual networks on shared physical infrastructure, each optimized for specific requirements (low latency for autonomous vehicles, high bandwidth for video, massive IoT for sensors). Enables customized QoS and efficient resource utilization.

PM-WANI enables public Wi-Fi hotspots via PDOs for affordable internet access. BharatNet provides fiber backbone to gram panchayats. Combined, they support digital education initiatives like DIKSHA, SWAYAM, and e-Pathshala, bridging the digital divide for rural students during remote learning.

Additive Manufacturing (AM) builds objects layer-by-layer from digital models, contrasting with subtractive methods (cutting/drilling). 3D printing is a common AM technique. Applications: prototyping, custom medical implants, aerospace parts, and on-demand manufacturing. India promotes AM under Make in India.

Second Normal Form (2NF) requires: 1) Table is in 1NF, and 2) No partial dependency (non-key attributes must depend on entire primary key, not part of composite key). Eliminates redundancy from partial dependencies. Further normalization to 3NF removes transitive dependencies.

Dynamic Routing protocols (OSPF, BGP, EIGRP) automatically adjust paths based on network topology changes, congestion, or failures. Unlike static routing (manually configured), dynamic routing scales for large networks and provides redundancy. Essential for internet backbone and enterprise WANs.

Bharat QR and UPI QR are interoperable standards allowing merchants to display a single QR code accepted by all UPI apps and card networks. Eliminates need for multiple QR stickers. NPCI's standardization promotes cashless adoption at small merchants with low-cost acceptance infrastructure.

SSLV is ISRO's cost-effective launch vehicle for small satellites (up to 500 kg to LEO). Features: low cost, quick turnaround, minimal infrastructure. First successful mission SSLV-D3 (2024) demonstrated reliability. Caters to growing global demand for small satellite launches and technology demonstrations.

ICMP-based DoS attacks include: Ping Flood (direct echo request flood), Smurf Attack (spoofed broadcast amplification), and variants. Mitigation: rate limiting ICMP, disabling broadcast responses, ingress filtering, and DDoS protection services. Network monitoring detects abnormal traffic patterns.