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Thermoelectric generators convert heat directly into electricity using the ________ effect.
- Photoelectric
- Seebeck
- Peltier
- Thomson
Answer: Seebeck
Seebeck effect: temperature gradient across dissimilar conductors generates voltage. Used in space probes (RTGs), waste heat recovery. Peltier effect is reverse (electricity → cooling). [[NCERT Physics Class 12]]
BharatNet aims to provide high-speed broadband connectivity to all ________ in India.
- Cities
- Towns
- Gram Panchayats
- Districts
Answer: Gram Panchayats
BharatNet (formerly NOFN) is the world's largest rural broadband project, connecting ~2.5 lakh Gram Panchayats via optical fiber. Enables e-governance, telemedicine, education in rural India. [[MeitY Reports]]
True or False: Herd immunity occurs when a sufficient proportion of a population becomes immune to a disease, reducing its spread.
- True
- False
Answer: True
Herd immunity threshold depends on R₀ (basic reproduction number). Achieved via vaccination or prior infection. Protects vulnerable individuals unable to be vaccinated. Critical concept in public health. [[ICMR, MoHFW Guidelines]]
Atal Bhujal Yojana focuses on sustainable management of ________ water through community participation.
- Surface
- Ground
- Rain
- Desalinated
Answer: Ground
Atal Bhujal Yojana (2020) is a World Bank-assisted scheme for participatory groundwater management in water-stressed areas. Aims to improve water security and livelihoods. [[Jal Shakti Ministry Reports]]
The Ayushman Bharat scheme provides health coverage of up to ₹________ per family per year for secondary and tertiary care.
- 2 lakh
- 5 lakh
- 10 lakh
- 15 lakh
Answer: 5 lakh
Ayushman Bharat Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana (AB-PMJAY) offers ₹5 lakh annual coverage for ~50 crore beneficiaries. World's largest government-funded healthcare program. [[NHA, MoHFW Reports]]
True or False: Flow chemistry improves reaction control and safety by conducting reactions in continuously flowing streams.
- True
- False
Answer: True
Flow reactors offer precise temperature/residence time control, easier scale-up, reduced waste, and safer handling of hazardous intermediates. Aligns with green chemistry principles. [[NCERT Chemistry Class 12]]
The Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction (2015-2030) focuses on reducing disaster risk through ________ approaches.
- Reactive
- Preventive
- Curative
- Compensatory
Answer: Preventive
Sendai Framework emphasizes proactive risk reduction: understanding risk, strengthening governance, investing in resilience, enhancing preparedness. India aligns national policies with its targets. [[NDMA, UNDRR Reports]]
True or False: Pumped hydro storage is the largest-capacity form of grid energy storage globally.
- True
- False
Answer: True
Pumped hydro stores energy by pumping water uphill during low demand; releases through turbines during peak. Accounts for >90% of global grid storage capacity. India has several operational plants. [[MNRE Reports]]
Which feature in UPI transactions adds an extra layer of security by requiring user approval for each payment?
- MPIN
- OTP
- Biometric authentication
- All of these
Answer: All of these
UPI security: MPIN for app access, OTP for transaction verification, biometric (fingerprint/face) for device unlock. Multi-factor authentication minimizes fraud risks. [[NPCI, RBI Guidelines]]
Drones in agriculture are used for crop monitoring, spraying, and collecting ________ data.
- Soil
- Weather
- Multispectral
- All of these
Answer: All of these
Agricultural drones equipped with multispectral sensors assess crop health (NDVI), soil moisture, pest infestation. Enable precision application of inputs, optimizing yield and sustainability. [[MoA Reports, ISRO]]
True or False: Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs) have high surface areas and are used for gas storage and separation.
- True
- False
Answer: True
MOFs are porous crystalline materials with tunable pores. Applications: hydrogen/methane storage, CO₂ capture, drug delivery, catalysis. Active area of materials chemistry research. [[NCERT Chemistry Class 12]]
Which strategy helps coastal communities adapt to sea-level rise?
- Building seawalls
- Mangrove restoration
- Elevated housing
- All of these
Answer: All of these
Adaptation combines hard (seawalls), nature-based (mangroves buffer storms), and social measures (planning, early warning). India's National Adaptation Fund supports such projects. [[MoEFCC, NDMA Reports]]
True or False: LiDAR uses laser pulses to measure distances and create 3D maps of the environment.
- True
- False
Answer: True
LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) calculates distance via time-of-flight of laser pulses. Critical for autonomous vehicles, robotics, topographic mapping, archaeology. [[ISRO, MeitY Reports]]
Supercritical ________ is used as a green solvent for decaffeination and dry cleaning.
- Water
- Ethanol
- CO₂
- Methane
Answer: CO₂
Supercritical CO₂ (above 31°C, 73 atm) has gas-like diffusivity and liquid-like solvation power. Non-toxic, non-flammable, easily separable. Embodies green chemistry principles. [[NCERT Chemistry Class 12]]
Which imaging technique uses X-rays to create cross-sectional images of the body?
- MRI
- Ultrasound
- CT scan
- PET scan
Answer: CT scan
Computed Tomography (CT) rotates X-ray source/detectors around patient; computer reconstructs slices. Superior for bone, trauma, lung imaging. Higher radiation dose than X-ray radiography. [[NCERT Physics Class 12]]
India's Digital Personal Data Protection Act was enacted in the year ________.
- 2021
- 2022
- 2023
- 2024
Answer: 2023
DPDP Act 2023 establishes framework for processing personal data, emphasizing consent, purpose limitation, data principal rights. Aligns with global standards while addressing Indian context. [[MeitY Reports]]
True or False: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) occurs when microbes evolve mechanisms to withstand drugs designed to kill them.
- True
- False
Answer: True
AMR arises via mutation, horizontal gene transfer. Misuse of antibiotics accelerates resistance. India's National Action Plan on AMR (2017) addresses surveillance, stewardship, R&D. Critical global health threat. [[MoHFW, WHO Reports]]
The Smart Cities Mission in India focuses on developing urban areas with ________ infrastructure and digital solutions.
- Traditional
- Sustainable
- Industrial
- Rural
Answer: Sustainable
Smart Cities Mission (2015) promotes area-based development with sustainable mobility, water/energy efficiency, ICT integration, and citizen participation. 100 cities selected across India. [[MoHUA Reports]]
True or False: Augmented Reality (AR) overlays digital information onto the real-world environment.
- True
- False
Answer: True
AR enhances real-world view with computer-generated elements (text, 3D models) via smartphones, glasses. Applications: education, navigation, retail, industrial maintenance. Distinct from VR (fully immersive). [[MeitY Reports]]
True or False: Microplastics are plastic particles smaller than 5 mm that persist in the environment.
- True
- False
Answer: True
Microplastics (<5 mm) originate from degraded larger plastics or microbeads. Found in oceans, soil, air, and human tissues. India banned single-use plastics (2022) to address this crisis. [[CPCB, MoEFCC Reports]]