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Answer: True - twin satellites ranging via microwave/laser
GRACE Follow-On (2018-) detects mass redistribution via intersatellite distance changes; laser ranging interferometer enhances precision over original GRACE.
Answer: toxicity/handling hazards
Hydroxylammonium nitrate-based propellants eliminate carcinogenic hydrazine handling risks while delivering ~10% higher Isp; adopted in GPIM/ESCAPADE missions.
Answer: True
Inside Roche limit (~2.44 planetary radii for fluid bodies), self-gravity cannot overcome tidal stress; explains ring locations inside this boundary.
Answer: 1962
Telstar 1 (July 10, 1962) relayed first live transatlantic TV signals; AT&T/Bell Labs project demonstrated commercial viability of satellite communications.
Answer: EUMETSAT
MetOp-A/B/C provide operational weather/environmental data for European/global forecasting; successor MetOp-SG launches mid-2020s.
Answer: cost and mass
Micro-electromechanical systems gyros offer adequate performance for CubeSat/nanosat ADCS at fraction of FOG cost/mass; commercial availability enables proliferation.
Answer: True
BBN synthesized ~75% H, ~25% He-4, ppm D/He-3/Li-7; heavier elements formed later in stars/supernovae. Observed abundances validate standard cosmology.
Answer: 2034
Dragonfly (NASA NF4) launches 2028, arrives Titan 2034; nuclear-powered quadcopter will sample diverse terrains studying organic synthesis pathways.
Answer: NETRA/ISTRAC
ISSAR documents space object cataloguing, conjunction assessments, and debris environment trends; released by ISRO SSA control centre.
Answer: True
Li-ion offers 2-3× energy density vs legacy chemistries, reducing battery mass/volume; qualified for GEO/LEO missions since 2000s.
Answer: True
NASA cancelled VIPER July 2024 after cost overruns/delays; science objectives partially addressed by CLPS landers and future Artemis missions.
Answer: Mirrors
Nickel electroformed mirror shells replicated from mandrels enable nested Wolter-I optics for focusing grazing-incidence X-rays; used in XMM-Newton/eROSITA.
Answer: True
Orbital resonances maintain eccentricities causing periodic tidal deformation; dissipated energy powers Io's volcanism and Enceladus's cryovolcanism.
Answer: Shenzhou 7
Zhai Zhigang conducted China's first EVA on Sep 27, 2008, lasting ~20 minutes wearing Feitian spacesuit; milestone in CNSA human spaceflight.
Answer: NASA
Europa Clipper (launch Oct 2024) conducts detailed reconnaissance of Europa's ice shell/ocean/interface assessing astrobiological potential.
Answer: 150
GEO disposal requires raising perigee ≥300 km above GEO belt (~150 m/s ΔV) to prevent collision risk; mandated by IADC guidelines.
Answer: True
Transition-edge sensor bolometers operate at cryogenic temps for far-IR/submm astronomy; used in Herschel/SOFIA/CMB experiments.
Answer: Outgassing from volcanoes
Io's extreme volcanism continuously replenishes SO₂ atmosphere against loss to Jupiter's magnetosphere; plumes reach 500 km altitude depositing fresh frost.
Answer: HSFC
Human Space Flight Centre (HSFC) Bengaluru manages astronaut selection/training, crew systems, and mission integration for Gaganyaan.
Answer: True
ClearSpace-1 (ESA, launch 2026) will demonstrate four-arm capture of Vespa adapter; commercial ADR services emerging to mitigate Kessler syndrome risk.