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The site of 'Dholavira' in Gujarat is notable for its:
- Rock-cut caves
- Water management system
- Buddhist stupas
- Medieval forts
Answer: Water management system
Dholavira (Indus Valley Civilization) features sophisticated water conservation systems including reservoirs, channels, and stepwells. It demonstrates advanced urban planning and adaptation to arid conditions. [[30]]
Which superpower supported India during the 1971 Indo-Pak War?
- United States
- Soviet Union
- China
- United Kingdom
Answer: Soviet Union
The Soviet Union supported India during the 1971 War through the Indo-Soviet Treaty of Friendship (August 1971). This deterred US-China intervention and ensured India's strategic advantage in the conflict. [[30]]
India's policy of 'Non-Alignment' during the Cold War meant:
- Neutrality in all international conflicts
- Not joining military alliances of superpowers
- Isolation from global politics
- Supporting only developing nations
Answer: Not joining military alliances of superpowers
Non-Alignment, championed by Nehru, meant India would not join military blocs led by the USA or USSR. However, India maintained strategic autonomy and engaged with both sides based on national interests. [[1]]
The 'Janata Party' government (1977-79) was India's first non-Congress government at the center.
- True
- False
Answer: True
The Janata Party, a coalition of opposition parties, formed the first non-Congress government after the 1977 elections. Morarji Desai became Prime Minister, but internal conflicts led to its collapse in 1979. [[1]]
The 'Congress System' described by political scientist Rajni Kothari refers to:
- One-party dominance with internal factions
- Coalition governments
- Military rule
- Presidential system
Answer: One-party dominance with internal factions
The 'Congress System' (1947-1967) featured Congress party dominance at the center, with diverse factions representing different interests. Opposition parties existed but were fragmented, allowing Congress to accommodate dissent internally. [[30]]
Which committee recommended the inclusion of Fundamental Duties in the Indian Constitution?
- Sarkaria Commission
- Swaran Singh Committee
- Balwantrai Mehta Committee
- Ashok Mehta Committee
Answer: Swaran Singh Committee
The Swaran Singh Committee (1976) recommended adding Fundamental Duties to emphasize citizens' obligations. These were incorporated via the 42nd Amendment Act, 1976, as Part IVA (Article 51A). [[30]]
The 'Objective Resolution' moved by Nehru in 1946 outlined the basic principles of the Indian Constitution.
- True
- False
Answer: True
Jawaharlal Nehru moved the Objective Resolution on December 13, 1946, outlining principles like sovereignty, democracy, justice, and minority rights. It later formed the basis of the Constitution's Preamble. [[1]]
Which battle in 1671 saw the Ahoms decisively defeat the Mughal forces?
- Battle of Dharmat
- Battle of Saraighat
- Battle of Samugarh
- Battle of Khajwa
Answer: Battle of Saraighat
The Battle of Saraighat (1671) on the Brahmaputra River saw Ahom forces under Lachit Borphukan defeat the Mughal navy. It is considered one of the greatest naval battles in Indian history and preserved Ahom independence. [[1]]
The Ahom kingdom ruled which present-day state for nearly 600 years?
- Manipur
- Assam
- Meghalaya
- Tripura
Answer: Assam
The Ahom dynasty ruled Assam from 1228 to 1826 CE. They successfully resisted Mughal invasions (notably at Saraighat, 1671) and developed a unique administrative system called the Paik system. [[30]]
Which commission investigated the causes of famines in India and recommended preventive measures?
- Hunter Commission
- Famine Commission (1880)
- Royal Commission on Labour
- Indian Statutory Commission
Answer: Famine Commission (1880)
The Famine Commission under Richard Strachey (1880) investigated the Great Famine of 1876-78. It recommended famine codes, relief works, and irrigation projects, though implementation remained inadequate. [[30]]
The 'Commercialization of Agriculture' under British rule led to:
- Increased food security
- Growth of cash crops for export
- Self-sufficient village economies
- Decline in peasant indebtedness
Answer: Growth of cash crops for export
British policies promoted cash crops like indigo, cotton, and jute for export, reducing food grain cultivation. This made Indian agriculture vulnerable to global price fluctuations and contributed to famines. [[1]]
Which Mughal emperor established the first imperial painting atelier (kitabkhana)?
- Babur
- Humayun
- Akbar
- Jahangir
Answer: Humayun
Humayun brought Persian painters Mir Sayyid Ali and Abdus Samad from Tabriz during his exile, establishing the imperial atelier. Akbar expanded it significantly, employing over 100 artists for manuscript illustrations. [[1]]
The Mughal school of painting was heavily influenced by:
- Chinese art
- Persian miniature painting
- European Renaissance
- All of the above
Answer: All of the above
Mughal painting blended Persian miniature traditions with Indian themes, Chinese landscape techniques, and later European perspective and shading. Akbar's atelier produced illustrated manuscripts like Hamzanama and Akbarnama. [[30]]
Which guild was primarily responsible for maritime trade in ancient South India?
- Sreni
- Nagaram
- Manigramam
- Gana
Answer: Manigramam
Manigramam and Ainnurruvar were powerful merchant guilds in ancient South India that controlled maritime trade with Southeast Asia. They had settlements in Sri Lanka, Sumatra, and other regions. [[30]]
Which ancient port was known as the 'Gateway of South India' for Roman trade?
- Tamralipti
- Arikamedu
- Muziris
- Bharuch
Answer: Muziris
Muziris (modern Kodungallur, Kerala) was the most important port for Indo-Roman trade in ancient times. Roman coins, amphorae, and artifacts found here confirm extensive maritime commerce with the Mediterranean world. [[1]]
Who is credited with systematizing Carnatic music through the 'Melakarta' scheme?
- Tyagaraja
- Muthuswami Dikshitar
- Venkatamakhin
- Purandara Dasa
Answer: Venkatamakhin
Venkatamakhin (17th century) systematized Carnatic music through the Melakarta scheme of 72 parent ragas in his work 'Chaturdandi Prakasika'. This framework remains foundational to Carnatic music theory. [[1]]
Which gharana is associated with the vocal style of Pandit Bhimsen Joshi?
- Gwalior Gharana
- Kirana Gharana
- Jaipur Gharana
- Patiala Gharana
Answer: Kirana Gharana
Pandit Bhimsen Joshi belonged to the Kirana Gharana, known for its emphasis on melody, intricate taans, and devotional renditions. He popularized Hindustani classical music globally. [[30]]
The Quit India Movement was launched on:
- August 8, 1942
- August 15, 1942
- January 26, 1942
- March 12, 1942
Answer: August 8, 1942
The Quit India Movement was launched by Gandhi on August 8, 1942, at the Bombay session of the All India Congress Committee. The slogan 'Do or Die' inspired mass participation despite immediate arrests of leaders. [[30]]
In which year did Mahatma Gandhi return to India from South Africa?
- 1914
- 1915
- 1916
- 1917
Answer: 1915
Mahatma Gandhi returned to India from South Africa on January 9, 1915. He spent a year traveling across India to understand the people's conditions before launching his first satyagraha in Champaran (1917). [[1]]
The 'Reign of Terror' was a phase of which revolution?
- American Revolution
- French Revolution
- Russian Revolution
- Chinese Revolution
Answer: French Revolution
The Reign of Terror (1793-94) was a violent phase of the French Revolution led by the Committee of Public Safety under Robespierre. Thousands were executed by guillotine for alleged counter-revolutionary activities. [[30]]