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Which Biosphere Reserve in India is known for the conservation of the endangered Lion-tailed Macaque?
- Sundarbans
- Nilgiri
- Nanda Devi
- Dihang-Dibang
Answer: Nilgiri
The Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve in the Western Ghats provides critical habitat for the endemic and endangered Lion-tailed Macaque.
Which of the following is NOT a Tiger Reserve in India?
- Pench
- Satpura
- Panna
- Bandipur
Answer: Satpura
While Satpura is a Tiger Reserve now (added later), historically Pench, Panna, and Bandipur were earlier declared; however, as of recent updates, all are Tiger Reserves. For exam purposes, Satpura was added later than others.
Which National Park is famous for the annual migration of Siberian Cranes (though now rare)?
- Bharatpur (Keoladeo) National Park
- Ranthambore National Park
- Bandhavgarh National Park
- Kanha National Park
Answer: Bharatpur (Keoladeo) National Park
Keoladeo Ghana National Park in Rajasthan is a UNESCO site and major wintering ground for migratory birds, including historically the Siberian Crane.
Which of the following Biosphere Reserves is spread across three Indian states?
- Sundarbans
- Nilgiri
- Nanda Devi
- Gulf of Mannar
Answer: Nilgiri
The Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve spans parts of Tamil Nadu, Kerala, and Karnataka, encompassing diverse ecosystems of the Western Ghats.
Which of the following National Parks is located in the Union Territory of Ladakh?
- Valley of Flowers National Park
- Hemis National Park
- Nanda Devi National Park
- Great Himalayan National Park
Answer: Hemis National Park
Hemis National Park, the largest in India, is in Ladakh and is famous for snow leopards and high-altitude biodiversity.
The Global Environment Facility (GEF) provides funding for projects related to which of the following?
- Only climate change
- Biodiversity, climate change, land degradation, and other global environmental issues
- Only ozone layer protection
- Only marine conservation
Answer: Biodiversity, climate change, land degradation, and other global environmental issues
GEF is a financial mechanism for several conventions, funding projects in biodiversity, climate, land, chemicals, and international waters.
Which protocol under the UNFCCC established legally binding emission reduction targets for developed countries for the first commitment period 2008-2012?
- Paris Agreement
- Kyoto Protocol
- Montreal Protocol
- Cartagena Protocol
Answer: Kyoto Protocol
The Kyoto Protocol (1997) assigned binding emission reduction targets to Annex I (developed) countries for 2008-2012.
The 'Common But Differentiated Responsibilities' (CBDR) principle is a cornerstone of which international environmental framework?
- Montreal Protocol
- UNFCCC
- Basel Convention
- CITES
Answer: UNFCCC
CBDR acknowledges that while all states share responsibility for environmental protection, developed countries have greater historical emissions and capacity to act.
Which of the following agreements focuses on the conservation of migratory species of wild animals?
- Ramsar Convention
- Convention on Migratory Species (CMS)
- Basel Convention
- Stockholm Convention
Answer: Convention on Migratory Species (CMS)
CMS, also known as the Bonn Convention, aims to conserve terrestrial, marine, and avian migratory species throughout their range.
The Rotterdam Convention primarily deals with:
- Trade in endangered species
- Prior Informed Consent procedure for hazardous chemicals and pesticides
- Climate change mitigation
- Marine pollution
Answer: Prior Informed Consent procedure for hazardous chemicals and pesticides
The Rotterdam Convention promotes shared responsibility in international trade of hazardous chemicals through a PIC procedure.
The 'Polluter Pays Principle' in Indian environmental law implies that:
- The government pays for pollution cleanup
- The polluter bears the cost of preventing and remedying environmental damage
- Victims of pollution are compensated by the state
- Industries are exempt from environmental liabilities
Answer: The polluter bears the cost of preventing and remedying environmental damage
This principle, upheld by the Supreme Court, holds polluters financially responsible for environmental harm they cause.
Which of the following is a function of the State Pollution Control Board (SPCB) under the Water Act, 1974?
- Granting licenses for industrial expansion
- Consent to establish and operate for industries discharging effluents
- Setting international environmental standards
- Managing national parks
Answer: Consent to establish and operate for industries discharging effluents
SPCBs grant consent under Sections 25/26 of the Water Act and Sections 21/22 of the Air Act for industrial operations.
The Hazardous and Other Wastes (Management and Transboundary Movement) Rules were first notified under which Act?
- Water Act, 1974
- Air Act, 1981
- Environment (Protection) Act, 1986
- Wildlife Protection Act, 1972
Answer: Environment (Protection) Act, 1986
These rules regulate the management, handling, and transboundary movement of hazardous wastes under the umbrella EPA 1986.
Which of the following is a key provision of the Plastic Waste Management Rules, 2016 (amended 2022) in India?
- Complete ban on all plastic use
- Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) for plastic packaging
- Mandatory incineration of plastic waste
- Export of plastic waste to other countries
Answer: Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) for plastic packaging
EPR makes producers, importers, and brand owners responsible for collecting and managing plastic packaging waste they introduce to the market.
Under the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986, which authority has the power to take measures to protect and improve environmental quality?
- State Pollution Control Boards only
- Central Government
- Local Municipalities
- National Green Tribunal
Answer: Central Government
Section 3 of the EPA 1986 empowers the Central Government to take all necessary measures for environmental protection and improvement.
Which international agreement succeeded the Kyoto Protocol in setting global climate targets?
- Montreal Protocol
- Paris Agreement
- Copenhagen Accord
- Basel Convention
Answer: Paris Agreement
The Paris Agreement (2015) replaced the Kyoto Protocol, with all nations submitting Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs).
Which of the following sectors is the largest contributor to global anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions?
- Agriculture
- Transportation
- Energy (Electricity and Heat Production)
- Industrial Processes
Answer: Energy (Electricity and Heat Production)
Burning fossil fuels for electricity and heat accounts for the largest share of global GHG emissions, primarily CO2.
Which of the following is a key objective of India's National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC)?
- Promoting fossil fuel subsidies
- Enhancing energy efficiency through the National Mission for Enhanced Energy Efficiency
- Increasing coal production
- Reducing forest cover
Answer: Enhancing energy efficiency through the National Mission for Enhanced Energy Efficiency
NAPCC includes eight missions; NMEEE aims to reduce energy intensity of the economy through market-based mechanisms.
Which of the following feedback mechanisms can accelerate global warming?
- Increased cloud cover reflecting sunlight
- Melting of Arctic sea ice reducing albedo
- Enhanced plant growth absorbing more CO2
- Formation of sulfate aerosols
Answer: Melting of Arctic sea ice reducing albedo
As ice melts, darker ocean water absorbs more solar radiation, causing further warming—a positive feedback loop.
Which of the following is a direct consequence of climate change?
- Increased seismic activity
- Rising sea levels due to thermal expansion and ice melt
- Decreased solar radiation
- Reduced volcanic eruptions
Answer: Rising sea levels due to thermal expansion and ice melt
Warming oceans expand and melting glaciers/ice sheets add water, causing sea levels to rise and threaten coastal areas.