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Answer: Crystal formation
Student payloads on POEM leverage spent PS4 stage for affordable microgravity research; crystal growth experiments inform pharmaceutical/materials science.
Answer: True
Micius (China) demonstrated satellite-ground QKD in 2017; quantum no-cloning theorem ensures eavesdropping detection enabling secure key exchange.
Answer: True - twin satellites ranging via microwave/laser
GRACE Follow-On (2018-) detects mass redistribution via intersatellite distance changes; laser ranging interferometer enhances precision over original GRACE.
Answer: Radiation pressure support
Pair production reduces photon pressure triggering catastrophic core contraction/explosion completely disrupting star; leaves no remnant unlike core-collapse SN.
Answer: toxicity/handling hazards
Hydroxylammonium nitrate-based propellants eliminate carcinogenic hydrazine handling risks while delivering ~10% higher Isp; adopted in GPIM/ESCAPADE missions.
Answer: True
Inside Roche limit (~2.44 planetary radii for fluid bodies), self-gravity cannot overcome tidal stress; explains ring locations inside this boundary.
Answer: 1962
Telstar 1 (July 10, 1962) relayed first live transatlantic TV signals; AT&T/Bell Labs project demonstrated commercial viability of satellite communications.
Answer: EUMETSAT
MetOp-A/B/C provide operational weather/environmental data for European/global forecasting; successor MetOp-SG launches mid-2020s.
Answer: cost and mass
Micro-electromechanical systems gyros offer adequate performance for CubeSat/nanosat ADCS at fraction of FOG cost/mass; commercial availability enables proliferation.
Answer: True
BBN synthesized ~75% H, ~25% He-4, ppm D/He-3/Li-7; heavier elements formed later in stars/supernovae. Observed abundances validate standard cosmology.
Answer: 2034
Dragonfly (NASA NF4) launches 2028, arrives Titan 2034; nuclear-powered quadcopter will sample diverse terrains studying organic synthesis pathways.
Answer: Volcanic plasma from Io
Io's volcanic SO₂ ionizes forming plasma torus; corotation enforcement currents accelerate electrons precipitating into polar atmosphere generating persistent aurorae.
Answer: NETRA/ISTRAC
ISSAR documents space object cataloguing, conjunction assessments, and debris environment trends; released by ISRO SSA control centre.
Answer: True
Li-ion offers 2-3× energy density vs legacy chemistries, reducing battery mass/volume; qualified for GEO/LEO missions since 2000s.
Answer: True
NASA cancelled VIPER July 2024 after cost overruns/delays; science objectives partially addressed by CLPS landers and future Artemis missions.
Answer: Absorption depth variations
Atmospheric species absorb specific wavelengths increasing effective planet size; JWST transmission spectra detect H₂O/CO₂/CH₄ in exoplanet atmospheres.
Answer: Mirrors
Nickel electroformed mirror shells replicated from mandrels enable nested Wolter-I optics for focusing grazing-incidence X-rays; used in XMM-Newton/eROSITA.
Answer: True
Orbital resonances maintain eccentricities causing periodic tidal deformation; dissipated energy powers Io's volcanism and Enceladus's cryovolcanism.
Answer: Shenzhou 7
Zhai Zhigang conducted China's first EVA on Sep 27, 2008, lasting ~20 minutes wearing Feitian spacesuit; milestone in CNSA human spaceflight.
Answer: NASA
Europa Clipper (launch Oct 2024) conducts detailed reconnaissance of Europa's ice shell/ocean/interface assessing astrobiological potential.