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The forms of oaths or affirmations for various constitutional functionaries are prescribed in the Third Schedule of the Constitution.
- True
- False
Answer: True
Third Schedule: Contains forms of oaths/affirmations for: (a) Union/State Ministers, (b) Parliament/State Legislature members, (c) Judges of SC/HCs, (d) CAG, (e) Election Commissioners. Oath includes: bear true faith to Constitution, uphold sovereignty/integrity of India, faithfully discharge duties. Formalizes constitutional commitment and ethical obligations of public office holders.
Under Article 101(3), if a member of Parliament is absent from all meetings of the House for a period of ______ days without permission, their seat may be declared vacant.
- 30
- 60
- 90
- 120
Answer: 60
Article 101(3) (Parliament) and Article 190(3) (State Legislatures): If member absent from all meetings for 60 days without House permission, seat may be declared vacant. Computed excluding periods when House is adjourned for >4 consecutive days. Ensures active participation by elected representatives; prevents absenteeism while allowing genuine exemptions with permission.
Under Article 102(1)(e), a person is disqualified for Parliament membership if they are so disqualified by or under any law made by ______.
- President
- Parliament
- Supreme Court
- Election Commission
Answer: Parliament
Article 102(1)(e) (Parliament) and Article 191(1)(e) (State Legislatures): Disqualification if so disqualified by or under any law made by Parliament. Representation of People Act, 1951 specifies disqualifications: (a) Conviction for certain offences, (b) Corrupt practices, (c) Government contracts, (d) Office of profit. Enables legislative flexibility to update disqualification criteria while maintaining constitutional framework.
The 97th Constitutional Amendment Act, 2011 added Article 43B for promotion of co-operative societies and Part IXB for their regulation, but the Supreme Court struck down Part IXB as it related to State co-operative societies.
- True
- False
Answer: True
97th Amendment (2011): (a) Added Article 43B (DPSP) for voluntary formation, autonomous functioning, democratic control of co-operative societies, (b) Added Part IXB for constitutional framework for co-operatives. Supreme Court in Union of India v. Rajendra N. Shah (2021) struck down Part IXB as it related to State co-operatives (required State ratification under Article 368), upheld only for UTs and multi-State co-operatives. Illustrates federal amendment procedure constraints.
Which Article provides special provisions for Maharashtra and Gujarat regarding equitable development of Vidarbha, Marathwada, Saurashtra, and Kutch regions?
- Article 371
- Article 371A
- Article 371B
- Article 371C
Answer: Article 371
Article 371 (original): Special provisions for Maharashtra and Gujarat: (a) Governor's special responsibility for equitable development of Vidarbha, Marathwada (Maharashtra) and Saurashtra, Kutch (Gujarat), (b) Regional development boards, (c) Equitable allocation of funds. Addresses regional imbalances within States formed on linguistic basis in 1960. Model for subsequent Article 371 clauses for other States.
Under Article 344, the Official Language Commission's recommendations are examined by a Committee of Parliament consisting of 30 members, of which ______ are from Lok Sabha.
- 10
- 15
- 20
- 25
Answer: 20
Article 344(4)-(5): Official Language Commission's report examined by Committee of Parliament on Official Language: 30 members (20 from Lok Sabha, 10 from Rajya Sabha) elected by proportional representation. Committee examines Commission's recommendations and reports to President. Ensures parliamentary oversight of language policy while promoting Hindi progressively without imposing on non-Hindi States.
Under Article 350B, inserted by 7th Constitutional Amendment, 1956, a Special Officer for Linguistic Minorities is appointed by the President to investigate matters relating to safeguards for linguistic minorities.
- True
- False
Answer: True
Article 350B: (1) Special Officer for Linguistic Minorities appointed by President, (2) Duty to investigate matters relating to safeguards for linguistic minorities under Constitution, (3) Report to President annually or as directed, (4) President lays reports before Parliament/State Legislatures. Currently, Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities functions under Ministry of Minority Affairs. Protects linguistic diversity post-State reorganisation.
Article 331, which allowed President to nominate two members of Anglo-Indian community to Lok Sabha if not adequately represented, was omitted by which Constitutional Amendment?
- 103rd Amendment, 2019
- 104th Amendment, 2019
- 105th Amendment, 2021
- 106th Amendment, 2023
Answer: 104th Amendment, 2019
104th Constitutional Amendment Act, 2019: (a) Extended SC/ST reservation in Lok Sabha/Assemblies till 2030, (b) Omitted Article 331 (Anglo-Indian nomination to Lok Sabha) and Article 333 (Anglo-Indian nomination to State Assemblies). Rationale: Anglo-Indian community's distinct identity has diminished; reservation based on social/educational backwardness principle. Controversial but constitutionally valid.
Article 330 provides for reservation of seats for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes in the ______.
- Rajya Sabha
- Lok Sabha
- State Legislative Councils
- Local Bodies
Answer: Lok Sabha
Article 330: Reservation of seats for SCs/STs in Lok Sabha in proportion to their population in each State. Article 332 provides similar reservation in State Legislative Assemblies. Originally for 10 years (Article 334), extended repeatedly via constitutional amendments; currently extended till 2030 by 104th Amendment (2019). Ensures political representation of marginalized communities.
Under Article 323A, Parliament can establish Administrative Tribunals for adjudication of disputes relating to recruitment and conditions of service of public servants, and such tribunals can exclude jurisdiction of all courts except Supreme Court under Article 136.
- True
- False
Answer: True
Article 323A (inserted by 42nd Amendment, 1976): Parliament may by law establish Administrative Tribunals for Union/State public service disputes. Such law can exclude jurisdiction of all courts except Supreme Court's special leave petition power under Article 136. Administrative Tribunals Act, 1985 established CAT, SATs. L. Chandra Kumar case (1997) held tribunal decisions subject to HC/SC judicial review to protect basic structure.
Under Article 312, Parliament can create new All India Services if Rajya Sabha passes a resolution by what majority?
- Simple majority
- Majority of total membership
- Two-thirds of members present and voting
- Unanimous approval
Answer: Two-thirds of members present and voting
Article 312(1): Rajya Sabha can pass resolution by 2/3 of members present and voting declaring it expedient in national interest to create new All India Services common to Union and States. Currently three AIS: IAS, IPS, IFoS. Proposed: Indian Forest Service already exists; Indian Judicial Service, Indian Education Service debated. Enables national-level administrative cadre while respecting federal structure.
Which statement best captures India's constitutional approach to language and regional diversity?
- Uniformity in language and administration across all States
- Complete autonomy for States in language and regional matters
- Balanced pluralism: promoting Hindi while protecting linguistic diversity and regional identities
- Exclusive focus on English for national integration
Answer: Balanced pluralism: promoting Hindi while protecting linguistic diversity and regional identities
Constitutional language/regional framework: (a) Promotes Hindi as Union official language (Article 343, 351) while allowing English continuation (Official Languages Act), (b) Recognizes 22 Eighth Schedule languages, (c) Allows States to adopt official languages (Article 345), (d) Grants special provisions to tribal/regionally distinct States (Articles 371 series, Fifth/Sixth Schedules). Balances national integration with respect for diversity; pragmatic pluralism as constitutional philosophy.
Under Article 29(1), any section of citizens residing in India having a distinct language, script, or culture has the right to ______ the same.
- promote
- conserve
- impose
- replace
Answer: conserve
Article 29(1): Cultural-educational right: Any section of citizens with distinct language/script/culture has right to conserve the same. Applies to minorities AND majority groups. Protects linguistic/cultural diversity against homogenization. Complements Article 30 (minority educational institutions). Foundation of India's pluralistic constitutional identity.
India's Constitution incorporates asymmetric federalism by granting special provisions to certain States under Articles 370 (now abrogated) and 371 series, recognizing their unique historical, cultural, or tribal characteristics.
- True
- False
Answer: True
Asymmetric federalism: Different States have different powers/autonomy based on historical/cultural/tribal needs. Examples: (a) Article 370 (J&K, abrogated 2019), (b) Article 371 series (11 States), (c) Fifth/Sixth Schedules (tribal areas), (d) Special category status (fiscal). Enables flexible unity: accommodates diversity while maintaining constitutional framework. Unique Indian model of federalism.
Which of the following languages was added to the Eighth Schedule most recently?
- Bodo
- Santhali
- Maithili
- All were added together in 2003
Answer: All were added together in 2003
92nd Constitutional Amendment Act, 2003: Added four languages to Eighth Schedule simultaneously: Bodo, Dogri, Maithili, Santhali. Total languages now 22. Inclusion criteria: literary heritage, distinct script, significant speaker population, cultural identity. No fixed procedure; added via constitutional amendment based on political consensus and linguistic advocacy.
Article 371D provides for equitable opportunities for people of different regions of Andhra Pradesh in public employment and education through ______.
- reservations
- quotas
- local area preferences
- merit-based selection
Answer: local area preferences
Article 371D (Andhra Pradesh): President may order equitable opportunities for people of different regions in public employment/education through local area preferences. Implemented via Presidential Orders (1975) creating local cadres, reservation in jobs/education for locals. Addresses regional imbalances; similar provisions debated for other States with regional disparities.
September 14 is celebrated as Hindi Diwas in India because on this day in 1949, the Constituent Assembly adopted Hindi in Devanagari script as the official language of the Union.
- True
- False
Answer: True
September 14, 1949: Constituent Assembly adopted Hindi in Devanagari script as official language (later incorporated as Article 343). Celebrated as Hindi Diwas to promote Hindi while respecting linguistic diversity. Government organizes events, awards for Hindi promotion. Reflects constitutional commitment to Hindi development alongside multilingualism.
Article 371F, inserted by the 36th Constitutional Amendment Act, 1975, provides special provisions for Sikkim including protection of existing laws, land ownership rights, and representation in Parliament. How many seats does Sikkim have in Lok Sabha?
- 1
- 2
- 3
- 4
Answer: 1
Article 371F (Sikkim): Special provisions on merger: (a) Protection of existing laws, (b) Land ownership rights for Sikkimese, (c) Reservation in government jobs/education, (d) 1 Lok Sabha seat, (e) 1 Rajya Sabha seat. Balances integration with Union while protecting Sikkim's unique identity, culture, and demographic concerns.
Under Article 346, the language for communication between one State and another, or between a State and the Union, shall be ______, unless States agree to use Hindi.
- Hindi
- English
- Regional language
- Sanskrit
Answer: English
Article 346: Language for communication: (a) Between States: English, unless both agree to use Hindi, (b) Between State and Union: English. Ensures smooth inter-governmental communication despite linguistic diversity. Practical arrangement acknowledging Hindi's limited penetration in non-Hindi States while promoting its progressive use.
Under Articles 371C (Manipur) and 371G (Mizoram), the Governor has special responsibility to ensure proper functioning of Hill Areas Committee/Tribal Council, and can act in discretion in matters relating to tribal areas.
- True
- False
Answer: True
Article 371C (Manipur): Governor has special responsibility to ensure proper functioning of Hill Areas Committee; may act in discretion. Article 371G (Mizoram): Similar protection for tribal customary law, land, social practices. Governor's discretionary power balances State executive authority with tribal autonomy; subject to President's directions. Unique federal flexibility for tribal regions.