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Which Article was added by the 42nd Amendment Act, 1976 to direct the State to protect and improve the environment?
- Article 48A
- Article 49A
- Article 50A
- Article 51A
Answer: Article 48A
Article 48A was inserted by the 42nd Amendment (1976) directing the State to protect and improve the environment and to safeguard forests and wildlife. This, along with Article 51A(g) (Fundamental Duty), forms the constitutional basis for environmental jurisprudence in India.
Article 47 raises the level of nutrition and standard of living and improves public health, and also directs the State to bring about prohibition of intoxicating drinks and drugs except for ______ purposes.
- recreational
- medicinal
- industrial
- export
Answer: medicinal
Article 47 is a Gandhian principle directing the State to: (a) raise nutrition levels, (b) improve standard of living, (c) improve public health, and (d) prohibit intoxicating drinks and drugs injurious to health, except for medicinal purposes. Several states have implemented prohibition policies based on this.
Article 43B, added by the 97th Constitutional Amendment Act, 2011, directs the State to promote voluntary formation, autonomous functioning, and professional management of co-operative societies.
- True
- False
Answer: True
Article 43B was inserted by the 97th Amendment (2011) to strengthen the co-operative movement. However, the Supreme Court in 2021 struck down parts of this amendment relating to State co-operative societies, upholding it only for Union Territories and multi-State co-operative societies.
Which Article directs the State to secure participation of workers in management of industries?
- Article 43
- Article 43A
- Article 43B
- Article 44
Answer: Article 43A
Article 43A was inserted by the 42nd Amendment (1976) to secure participation of workers in management of industries, undertakings, or other organisations. This aims at industrial democracy and has been partially implemented through provisions in the Companies Act and labour laws.
Article 50 of the Constitution directs the State to take steps to separate the ______ from the executive in public services.
- legislature
- judiciary
- police
- revenue department
Answer: judiciary
Article 50 directs separation of judiciary from executive to ensure independence of judiciary and fair administration of justice. This has been largely implemented through judicial reforms, though complete separation remains a work in progress in some states.
Article 49 of the Constitution directs the State to protect every monument or place of national importance from spoliation, disfigurement, or destruction.
- True
- False
Answer: True
Article 49 is a cultural-educational principle directing the State to protect monuments, places, and objects of artistic or historic interest declared of national importance by Parliament. This is implemented through the Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains Act, 1958.
Which Article directs the State to organise agriculture and animal husbandry on modern and scientific lines?
- Article 46
- Article 47
- Article 48
- Article 49
Answer: Article 48
Article 48 directs the State to: (a) organise agriculture and animal husbandry on modern and scientific lines, (b) preserve and improve breeds of cattle, and (c) prohibit slaughter of cows, calves, and other milch and draught cattle. It reflects Gandhian and economic planning principles.
Article 45, as amended by the 86th Amendment Act, 2002, now directs the State to provide early childhood care and education for all children until they complete the age of ______ years.
- 3
- 5
- 6
- 14
Answer: 6
Originally, Article 45 provided for free and compulsory education for children until age 14. After the 86th Amendment (2002) inserted Article 21A (Right to Education for 6-14 years), Article 45 was modified to focus on early childhood care and education for children below 6 years.
The provision for free legal aid to ensure justice is not denied due to economic disabilities is a Directive Principle under Article 39A.
- True
- False
Answer: True
Article 39A was added by the 42nd Amendment (1976) to provide free legal aid to ensure that opportunities for securing justice are not denied to any citizen by reason of economic or other disabilities. This led to the Legal Services Authorities Act, 1987, establishing Lok Adalats and NALSA.
Which Article of the Constitution contains the Directive Principle for securing a Uniform Civil Code for citizens?
- Article 43
- Article 44
- Article 45
- Article 46
Answer: Article 44
Article 44 states: 'The State shall endeavour to secure for the citizens a uniform civil code throughout the territory of India.' It aims to replace personal laws based on religion with a common set of laws governing marriage, divorce, inheritance, etc. It remains unimplemented due to political and social sensitivities.
Article 51 of the Constitution directs the State to promote international peace and security through just and honourable relations between ______.
- citizens
- states
- nations
- political parties
Answer: nations
Article 51 (a liberal-intellectual principle) directs the State to: (a) promote international peace and security, (b) maintain just and honourable relations between nations, (c) foster respect for international law and treaty obligations, (d) encourage settlement of international disputes by arbitration.
Article 39 of the Constitution directs the State to secure equal pay for equal work for both men and women.
- True
- False
Answer: True
Article 39(d) is a socialist principle directing the State to secure 'equal pay for equal work for both men and women'. This has been reinforced by judicial decisions (Randhir Singh case, 1982) and statutory provisions like the Equal Remuneration Act, 1976.
Which of the following is NOT a Gandhian principle included in DPSP?
- Organisation of village panchayats
- Promotion of cottage industries
- Uniform civil code
- Prohibition of intoxicating drinks
Answer: Uniform civil code
Gandhian principles in DPSP include: village panchayats (Article 40), cottage industries (Article 43), prohibition of intoxicants (Article 47), and protection of cows (Article 48). Uniform Civil Code (Article 44) is a liberal-intellectual principle, not specifically Gandhian.
The concept of Directive Principles was borrowed from the Constitution of ______.
- USA
- UK
- Ireland
- Canada
Answer: Ireland
DPSP were inspired by the Irish Constitution (1937), which itself borrowed from the Spanish Constitution. The Irish concept of 'Directive Principles of Social Policy' aimed to guide the State in achieving socio-economic goals. India adapted this to its own developmental needs.
Directive Principles of State Policy are enforceable by courts like Fundamental Rights.
- True
- False
Answer: False
Article 37 explicitly states that DPSP are not enforceable by any court. However, they are 'fundamental in the governance of the country' and it is the duty of the State to apply them in making laws. Courts can use them for interpreting statutes and constitutional provisions.
Directive Principles of State Policy are contained in which Part of the Indian Constitution?
- Part III
- Part IV
- Part IVA
- Part V
Answer: Part IV
Part IV (Articles 36-51) contains Directive Principles of State Policy (DPSP). They are non-justiciable (not enforceable by courts) but fundamental in governance. The State is duty-bound to apply them while making laws, aiming to establish social and economic democracy.
Which Article of the Constitution deals with the indemnity for acts done under martial law?
- Article 32
- Article 33
- Article 34
- Article 35
Answer: Article 34
Article 34 empowers Parliament to indemnify any person (government servant or other) for acts done in connection with martial law to restore order in any area. It also validates sentences passed or acts done during martial law. This is a rare provision invoked only in extreme situations of rebellion or war.
Article 33 empowers ______ to restrict or abrogate Fundamental Rights of members of armed forces, police, and intelligence agencies.
- Supreme Court
- Parliament
- President
- Union Cabinet
Answer: Parliament
Article 33 allows Parliament to determine by law the extent to which Fundamental Rights may be restricted or abrogated for members of armed forces, paramilitary forces, police forces, and intelligence agencies to ensure proper discharge of duties and maintenance of discipline. This is a unique limitation on FRs.
During a National Emergency under Article 352, the enforcement of all Fundamental Rights can be suspended by Presidential order.
- True
- False
Answer: False
Article 359 allows suspension of enforcement of Fundamental Rights (except Articles 20 & 21) during National Emergency via Presidential order. The 44th Amendment (1978) made Articles 20 (protection in conviction) and 21 (life & personal liberty) non-suspendable even during Emergency. So, not 'all' rights can be suspended.
Which writ is issued by a higher court to a lower court or tribunal to transfer a pending case to itself or quash its order?
- Habeas Corpus
- Mandamus
- Certiorari
- Prohibition
Answer: Certiorari
Certiorari ('to be certified') is issued by a higher court to a lower court/tribunal to quash its order when it exceeds jurisdiction or violates principles of natural justice. Prohibition is preventive (issued before order), while Certiorari is curative (issued after order). Both available under Articles 32 & 226.