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Answer: Article 23
Article 23 prohibits trafficking in human beings, begar (forced labour), and other similar forms of forced labour. Any contravention is punishable by law. Article 24 separately prohibits employment of children below 14 years in factories, mines, or hazardous occupations.
Answer: President, Supreme Court Judge
The CAG is appointed by the President under Article 148. For removal, Article 148(1) states that the CAG can be removed only on the grounds and in the manner provided for the removal of a Supreme Court Judge (i.e., by Presidential order after an address by both Houses of Parliament supported by special majority on grounds of proved misbehavior or incapacity).
Answer: President of India
Under Article 117, a Money Bill (dealing with taxation, government expenditure, etc.) can be introduced in Lok Sabha only with the prior recommendation of the President. Additionally, Money Bills can only be introduced in Lok Sabha (not Rajya Sabha), and Rajya Sabha has limited powers over them (can only recommend changes within 14 days).
Answer: True
Following the Kesavananda Bharati judgment (1973) and subsequent cases like Minerva Mills (1980), the Supreme Court has the power of judicial review over constitutional amendments. It can strike down amendments that violate the 'basic structure' of the Constitution, even if passed with the required majority under Article 368.
Answer: Kesavananda Bharati Case (1973)
The Basic Structure Doctrine was established in the landmark Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala case (1973). The Supreme Court held that while Parliament has power to amend the Constitution under Article 368, it cannot alter the 'basic structure' or essential features of the Constitution (e.g., supremacy of Constitution, secularism, federalism, judicial review).
Answer: False
Fundamental Rights are not absolute. Most rights can be restricted by the State under reasonable restrictions specified in the Constitution itself (e.g., Article 19 allows restrictions on freedom of speech in interests of sovereignty, security, public order, etc.). Some rights can also be suspended during a National Emergency (except Articles 20 and 21).
Answer: Article 44
Article 44, a Directive Principle of State Policy, directs the State to secure for citizens a Uniform Civil Code throughout the territory of India. It aims to replace personal laws based on religion with a common set of laws governing marriage, divorce, inheritance, and adoption for all citizens.
Answer: 280
Article 280 provides for the constitution of a Finance Commission by the President every five years (or earlier). The Commission recommends the distribution of tax revenues between the Union and States, and among States themselves, and principles governing grants-in-aid to States.
Answer: True
Rajya Sabha is a permanent House under Article 83; it is not subject to dissolution. However, one-third of its members retire every two years, and fresh elections are held for those seats. This ensures continuity in the Upper House while allowing periodic renewal of membership.
Answer: Right to Constitutional Remedies
Dr. B.R. Ambedkar described Article 32 (Right to Constitutional Remedies) as the 'heart and soul' of the Constitution because it provides the mechanism for enforcement of all other Fundamental Rights. Without this right, other rights would be meaningless as there would be no remedy for their violation.
Answer: 22
The Eighth Schedule originally had 14 languages. Through various amendments (71st, 92nd, and 96th), four more languages were added: Konkani, Manipuri, Nepali (1992); Bodo, Dogri, Maithili, Santhali (2003); making the total 22 scheduled languages. [[3]][[14]]
Answer: Article 61
Article 61 lays down the procedure for impeachment of the President. Charges can be initiated in either House of Parliament, require a 14-day notice, and must be passed by a two-thirds majority of the total membership of that House. The other House then investigates the charges.
Answer: True
The 73rd Amendment Act, 1992 added Part IX to the Constitution for Panchayats (rural local self-government), and the 74th Amendment Act, 1992 added Part IXA for Municipalities (urban local self-government). Both amendments gave constitutional status, mandatory elections, reservation provisions, and financial devolution to local bodies.
Answer: 17
Article 17 abolishes untouchability and makes its practice in any form a punishable offence. The Protection of Civil Rights Act, 1955 (formerly Untouchability Offences Act, 1955) provides penalties for enforcing disabilities arising from untouchability.
Answer: False
Directive Principles of State Policy (Part IV, Articles 36-51) are non-justiciable, meaning they are not enforceable by any court. However, they are fundamental in the governance of the country, and it is the duty of the State to apply these principles in making laws (Article 37).
Answer: Article 32
Article 32 provides the right to constitutional remedies, allowing citizens to approach the Supreme Court for enforcement of Fundamental Rights. Dr. Ambedkar called this Article the 'heart and soul' of the Constitution. It empowers the Supreme Court to issue writs: Habeas Corpus, Mandamus, Prohibition, Quo Warranto, and Certiorari.
Answer: Tenth Schedule
The Tenth Schedule, added by the 52nd Amendment Act, 1985, contains the Anti-Defection Law. It provides for disqualification of members of Parliament and State Legislatures on grounds of defection from one political party to another. [[1]][[30]]
Answer: Article 51A
Article 51A, added by the 42nd Amendment Act, 1976, enumerates the Fundamental Duties of Indian citizens. Initially, there were 10 duties; the 86th Amendment Act, 2002 added the 11th duty regarding education of children aged 6-14 years. [[2]][[7]]
Answer: Article 368
Article 368 of the Indian Constitution deals with the power of Parliament to amend the Constitution and the procedure for amendment. It provides for three types of amendments: by simple majority, by special majority, and by special majority plus ratification by states. [[1]][[30]]