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Despite ongoing debate about reforming judicial appointments, which mechanism continues to govern appointments of judges to the Supreme Court and High Courts as of 2024?
- National Judicial Appointments Commission (NJAC)
- Collegium system (judges appointing judges)
- Executive appointment with Parliamentary approval
- Independent Judicial Appointments Commission
Answer: Collegium system (judges appointing judges)
Judicial appointments status (2024): (a) NJAC struck down: Supreme Court Advocates-on-Record Association v. Union of India (2015): 4:1 majority struck down 99th Amendment and NJAC Act, (b) Collegium system continues: (i) SC appointments: CJI + 4 senior-most SC judges recommend names, (ii) HC appointments: CJ of HC + 2 senior-most HC judges recommend, (iii) President normally appoints based on collegium recommendations, (c) Ongoing debate: Criticisms (lack of transparency, delays causing vacancies) vs. counter-arguments (executive role risks political interference), (d) Reforms proposed: Secretariat to assist collegium, published criteria, fixed timelines, limited executive input without veto. Illustrates tension between judicial independence and accountability; no consensus yet on reform model.