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Which of the following was NOT a safeguard introduced by the 44th Constitutional Amendment Act, 1978 regarding Emergency provisions?
- Replacement of 'internal disturbance' with 'armed rebellion' for National Emergency
- Written Cabinet advice mandatory for all Emergency proclamations
- Articles 20 and 21 made non-suspendable during Emergency
- President's Rule can be imposed without Governor's report or objective material
Answer: President's Rule can be imposed without Governor's report or objective material
44th Amendment safeguards (1978): (a) National Emergency: (i) 'Armed rebellion' replaces 'internal disturbance' (higher threshold), (ii) Written Cabinet advice mandatory (not just PM), (iii) Parliamentary approval within 1 month by special majority, (iv) Articles 20-21 non-suspendable, (v) Lok Sabha can revoke by simple majority, (b) President's Rule: (i) Governor's report must be based on objective material, (ii) Subject to judicial review (later reinforced by SR Bommai), (iii) Maximum duration 3 years with strict conditions for extension, (c) Financial Emergency: Written Cabinet advice mandatory; simple majority for Parliamentary approval. Option (d) is incorrect: 44th Amendment strengthened, not weakened, safeguards against arbitrary President's Rule. Illustrates constitutional learning: post-1975 reforms to prevent Emergency misuse.