Public Interest Litigation (PIL), pioneered in India through S.P. Gupta case (1981), relaxed the rule of ______ to allow public-spirited persons to file petitions for enforcement of rights of marginalized groups unable to approach courts themselves.

PIL evolution and rights expansion: (a) S.P. Gupta (1981): SC relaxed locus standi (personal injury requirement), allowing any citizen/public-spirited organization to file petition for enforcement of rights of persons unable to approach court due to poverty, ignorance, or social disadvantage, (b) Impact: Enabled courts to address: (i) Prison conditions (Hussainara Khatoon), (ii) Environmental degradation (MC Mehta cases), (iii) Bonded labour (Bandhua Mukti Morcha), (iv) Gender justice (Vishaka), (c) Safeguards: Courts developed filters to prevent frivolous PILs; focus on genuine public interest, marginalized groups. Transformed judicial role: from dispute resolution to social justice delivery; foundation for rights-based governance.