In Anuradha Bhasin v. Union of India (2020), the Supreme Court held that freedom of speech and expression and the right to practice any profession over the internet are protected under Article 19(1)(a) and 19(1)(g), and restrictions must satisfy the proportionality test.

Digital rights jurisprudence: (a) Anuradha Bhasin (2020): SC held: (i) Freedom of speech (Article 19(1)(a)) and profession (Article 19(1)(g)) extend to internet medium, (ii) Internet shutdown orders must be published, subject to judicial review, (iii) Restrictions must satisfy proportionality test: legitimate aim, rational connection, least restrictive alternative, balancing of interests, (b) Applied to J&K internet shutdown case; guides future digital governance decisions. Establishes digital rights as part of fundamental rights framework; important for e-governance, digital economy, free speech in digital age.