In Vishaka v. State of Rajasthan (1997), the Supreme Court laid down guidelines to prevent sexual harassment at workplace, filling legislative vacuum until the Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace Act was enacted in 2013.

Vishaka guidelines (1997): Landmark gender justice case: (a) Filled legislative gap on workplace sexual harassment, (b) Guidelines based on CEDAW (international convention), Articles 14, 15, 19, 21, (c) Key measures: Complaint committees, prevention mechanisms, victim protection, employer liability, (d) Impact: Operationalized until Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace (Prevention, Prohibition and Redressal) Act, 2013. Illustrates judicial activism: Courts can issue guidelines when legislative vacuum violates fundamental rights; temporary measure until Parliament legislates.