In Justice K.S. Puttaswamy v. Union of India (2017), the Supreme Court recognized right to privacy as a fundamental right under which constitutional provisions?
- Only Article 21
- Articles 14, 19, and 21
- Only Article 19
- Preamble only
Answer: Articles 14, 19, and 21
Puttaswamy judgment (2017): 9-judge bench unanimously held right to privacy is intrinsic to life and liberty under Article 21; also part of freedoms under Article 19 (speech, movement, etc.) and equality under Article 14. Privacy has three aspects: (a) Spatial (control over physical space), (b) Decisional (autonomy over personal choices), (c) Informational (control over personal data). Foundation for subsequent judgments on Aadhaar, reproductive rights, LGBTQ+ rights, digital privacy.