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Under Article 248, Parliament has exclusive power to make laws with respect to any matter not enumerated in the Concurrent List or State List, including the power to impose taxes not mentioned in either List, reflecting Indian federalism's ______ bias.
- State-centric
- unitary
- confederal
- decentralized
Answer: unitary
Residuary powers and unitary bias: (a) Article 248: Parliament exclusive power over residuary subjects (not in State/Concurrent Lists), including residuary taxation, (b) Rationale: Constituent Assembly prioritized national unity and coordinated development in diverse, post-Partition India; strong Centre to prevent fragmentation, (c) Contrast: USA (10th Amendment) vests residuary powers with States, reflecting founding priority for State autonomy, (d) Criticism: Can enable Centre to encroach on State domain by claiming residuary character for new subjects (e.g., environment, IT), (e) Safeguards: Federal provisions in basic structure (SR Bommai), judicial review of legislative competence, political negotiation through Councils/Commissions. Illustrates Indian federalism's distinctive design: flexible framework with unitary features for national integrity, balanced by institutional mechanisms for State autonomy and cooperation.