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Indian federalism, as revealed through case studies, is best understood as a living, evolving system that balances constitutional text with political practice, judicial interpretation, and societal change to maintain unity while respecting diversity.
- True
- False
Answer: True
Federalism as living system (case studies synthesis): (a) Constitutional text: Provides framework (Seventh Schedule, Articles 245-263) but not rigid blueprint; allows adaptation through amendments, interpretation, practice, (b) Political practice: Coalition politics, party federalism, electoral mandates shape Centre-State relations; GST consensus shows negotiation capacity, (c) Judicial interpretation: Courts mediate disputes (SR Bommai, Article 370, water cases), update principles (basic structure, proportionality) for new challenges while preserving core values, (d) Societal change: Digital age, climate crisis, identity politics require federal mechanisms to evolve; Constitution's flexibility enables adaptation without rupture, (e) Core continuity: Unity in diversity — strong Centre for national integrity, autonomous States for regional expression, cooperative institutions for shared governance. Forward look: Federalism must address emerging challenges (data governance, climate justice, urbanization) through institutional innovation, political dialogue, judicial wisdom while staying rooted in constitutional values. Essential for UPSC Mains forward-looking, balanced analysis.