Under Article 262(2), Parliament can by law exclude the jurisdiction of the ______ over inter-State water disputes, which was done through the Inter-State Water Disputes Act, 1956 establishing specialized tribunals.

Inter-State water disputes framework: (a) Article 262(1): Parliament may by law provide for adjudication of disputes relating to waters of inter-State rivers, (b) Article 262(2): Such law may exclude jurisdiction of Supreme Court or any other court over such disputes, (c) Inter-State Water Disputes Act, 1956: Establishes ad-hoc tribunals for specific disputes; awards have same force as Supreme Court orders, (d) 2019 Amendment: Creates permanent tribunal, fixed timelines, implementation monitoring, (e) Judicial review: Supreme Court retains power to examine tribunal awards for jurisdictional errors, violation of natural justice, constitutional principles (not re-appreciation of facts). Balances specialized expertise for technical water disputes with constitutional supremacy and judicial oversight.