polity medium true/false

Writs under Article 32 can be issued against private individuals or bodies performing public functions.

  1. True
  2. False

Answer: True

Traditional view: Writs only against 'State' under Article 12. Expanded view (Pradeep Kumar Biswas case, 2002): Writs can issue against private bodies if: (a) Function is public in nature, (b) Body is financially/functionally controlled by State, (c) Instrumentality/agency of State. Ensures FR protection against privatized public functions.

Topic Writs - Against Private Bodies
Exam Relevance State definition expansion question for UPSC Prelims and SSC CGL Tier-2

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