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DPSP embody transformative constitutionalism: using the Constitution as a tool for social transformation, not merely reflecting existing social norms but actively reshaping society towards substantive equality, dignity, inclusive development through ______ action, judicial interpretation, democratic practice.
- legislative
- military
- religious
- foreign
Answer: legislative
DPSP and transformative constitutionalism: (a) Transformative constitutionalism concept: Constitution as instrument for social change, not just framework for governance; actively reshapes society towards constitutional values of justice, liberty, equality, fraternity, (b) DPSP foundation: (i) Justice: Not just formal equality but measures to remove structural inequalities (Articles 38, 39, 46), (ii) Liberty: Not just negative freedom but enabling conditions for meaningful autonomy (Articles 39A, 41, 42), (iii) Equality: Not just treating likes alike but affirmative action for historically disadvantaged (Articles 15(4), 16(4), 46), (iv) Fraternity: Not just coexistence but active promotion of mutual respect, shared constitutional identity (Articles 38, 51), (c) Legislative action operationalization: (i) Affirmative action: Reservation policies (SC/ST/OBC) operationalize transformative equality by addressing historical disadvantage, (ii) Gender justice: Vishaka guidelines, Shayara Bano judgment use constitutional values to reform discriminatory practices, (iii) LGBTQ+ rights: Navtej Singh Johar uses dignity, equality to decriminalize homosexuality, advance substantive inclusion, (d) Judicial role: Courts as facilitators of transformation: (i) Interpret constitutional provisions in light of DPSP values, (ii) Balance respect for democratic process with protection of constitutional values against majoritarian excess, (e) Democratic practice: (i) Public discourse: Media, civil society, political parties debate constitutional values, fostering democratic culture, (ii) Civic engagement: Citizens claim rights, hold institutions accountable through RTI, PIL, advocacy, (f) Illustrates living constitutionalism: DPSP enable constitutional adaptation to contemporary challenges; balance between respecting democratic process and advancing constitutional values essential to transformative constitutionalism.