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DPSP remain relevant for contemporary policy challenges: digital governance (privacy, inclusion), climate action (sustainability, equity), and social justice (intersectionality, dignity) require innovative policy responses guided by ______ principles of welfare, equality, fraternity.
- colonial
- constitutional
- market
- theocratic
Answer: constitutional
DPSP contemporary relevance: (a) Digital governance: (i) Privacy: DPSP values (dignity, liberty) inform data protection (DPDP Act, 2023), balancing innovation with rights, (ii) Inclusion: Article 38 (welfare), 41 (work) guide digital public infrastructure (Aadhaar, UPI) to ensure access for marginalized groups, (iii) Accountability: Article 39A (equal justice) informs e-governance transparency, grievance redressal, (b) Climate action: (i) Sustainability: Article 48A (environment) guides climate policy, renewable energy transition, conservation efforts, (ii) Equity: Article 38 (equality), 47 (nutrition) ensure climate action addresses vulnerable groups, just transition, (iii) Global cooperation: Article 51 (international peace) informs India's climate diplomacy, multilateral engagement, (c) Social justice: (i) Intersectionality: Article 46 (SC/ST welfare) guides policies addressing compounded disadvantage (caste + gender, caste + disability), (ii) Dignity: Article 21 (life with dignity) read with DPSP informs gender justice, LGBTQ+ rights, disability inclusion, (iii) Participation: Article 40 (Panchayati Raj), 43A (worker participation) enable inclusive governance, community-led development, (d) Policy innovation: (i) Rights-based approach: Statutory frameworks (MGNREGA, NFSA, RTE) operationalize DPSP through justiciable entitlements, (ii) Convergence: Coordinating schemes across sectors (health, education, livelihood) enables holistic development, (iii) Monitoring: Social audit, judicial oversight ensure accountability, course correction, (e) Illustrates adaptive constitutionalism: DPSP provide normative framework for contemporary policy innovation; balance between constitutional values, technological change, social diversity essential for realizing transformative vision in 21st century.