Liberal-Intellectual principles in DPSP include uniform civil code (Article 44), free and compulsory education (Article 45), and promotion of international peace (Article 51). Which of the following is ALSO a Liberal-Intellectual principle in DPSP?

Liberal-Intellectual principles in DPSP: (a) Core Liberal-Intellectual principles: (i) Article 44: Uniform civil code — liberal vision of common civil law based on constitutional values, not religious doctrines, (ii) Article 45: Free and compulsory education — liberal commitment to knowledge, critical thinking, informed citizenship, (iii) Article 48A: Environment protection — intellectual recognition of ecological sustainability, intergenerational equity, (iv) Article 49: Protection of monuments — liberal value of preserving cultural heritage, historical memory, (v) Article 50: Separation of judiciary — liberal principle of institutional independence, rule of law, (vi) Article 51: International peace — liberal commitment to global cooperation, rule of law, peaceful dispute resolution, (b) Contrast with other options: (i) Article 40 (village panchayats): Gandhian principle of decentralized governance, not primarily liberal-intellectual, (ii) Article 47 (prohibition): Gandhian principle of moral governance, public health, not primarily liberal-intellectual, (iii) Article 43 (cottage industries): Gandhian principle of self-reliant rural economy, not primarily liberal-intellectual, (c) Applications: (i) Monument protection: ASI conservation, heritage tourism reflect Article 49 commitment to cultural preservation, (ii) Education policy: RTE Act, NEP 2020 operationalize Article 45 through rights-based, quality-focused framework, (iii) International engagement: India's multilateral diplomacy, climate leadership reflect Article 51 commitment to global peace, cooperation, (d) Illustrates liberal constitutionalism: Liberal-Intellectual DPSP operationalized through legal protection, policy frameworks, international engagement; balance between individual rights, cultural preservation, global responsibility essential for realizing constitutional vision of enlightened, humane society.