Create a custom practice set
Pick category, difficulty, number of questions, and time limit. Start instantly with your own quiz.
Generate QuizGK Question
The Preamble's justice commitment has guided environmental rights jurisprudence: MC Mehta cases established absolute liability for hazardous industries, public trust doctrine for natural resources, reflecting that environmental justice requires not just regulatory compliance but ______ responsibility for intergenerational equity.
- individual
- collective
- administrative
- military
Answer: collective
Justice and environmental rights from Preamble: (a) Preamble's justice promise: Social, economic, political justice — comprehensive vision including environmental justice as foundation for sustainable development, intergenerational equity, (b) Environmental rights evolution: (i) Subhash Kumar (1991): Right to life includes enjoyment of pollution-free water, air; citizens can file PILs to enforce environmental rights, (ii) MC Mehta cases: Established absolute liability for hazardous industries (no defenses available), public trust doctrine (state as trustee of natural resources for present, future generations), sustainable development principles (balance development with ecological sustainability), (c) Collective responsibility dimensions: (i) State duty: Article 48A (DPSP) directs state to protect environment, forests, wildlife; operationalized through environmental laws, regulatory agencies, (ii) Citizen duty: Article 51A(g) (Fundamental Duty) reminds citizens to protect environment, fostering civic responsibility, (iii) Intergenerational equity: Present generation holds environment in trust for future generations; development must meet present needs without compromising future ability to meet needs, (d) Applications: (i) Industrial regulation: Closure of polluting units, emission standards, environmental impact assessments, (ii) River protection: Ganga, Yamuna cleaning efforts, restrictions on industrial discharge, (iii) Climate litigation: Emerging cases challenging coal projects, emission norms based on right to healthy environment, intergenerational equity, (e) Illustrates transformative justice: Preamble's justice promise operationalized through environmental rights jurisprudence; balance between development needs, ecological sustainability, intergenerational equity essential for realizing constitutional vision of inclusive, sustainable development.